This study offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the marketization process within North Korea's local economies, seeking to disrupt the prevailing linear narratives that often dominate discussions of economic transformation in the country. It inves...
This study offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the marketization process within North Korea's local economies, seeking to disrupt the prevailing linear narratives that often dominate discussions of economic transformation in the country. It investigates how the dual dynamics of marketization - operating simultaneously within the privileged economic core and the peripheral local economies - serve to subordinate local economic potential within an extractive institutional framework.
The analysis is structured around three central themes. First, it examines the dualistic character of North Korea’s marketization process. Second, it explores the rent-seeking mechanisms embedded within the privileged economic core. Third, it interrogates the structural constraints that hinder developmental progress in the local economies. The inquiry begins in Chapter 3, which situates these processes within the institutional evolution of the North Korean economic system during the collapse of the planned economy and the economic turmoil of the 1990s. Here, the state’s strategy of dual structuration is dissected to reveal how the privileged economy emerged as a means of concentrating resources at the core, while local economies were neglected and rendered subordinate. Through a detailed examination of reforms such as the ‘7.1 Economic Measures’ and the uri sik gyeong je gwan ri bang beop (Our-Style Economic Management Method), this chapter uncovers how these interventions fostered a fragmented economic geography, embedding asymmetries that continue to define the North Korean economy.
Given the framework, the dual dynamics of marketization are further elaborated in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 delves into "marketization from below," charting the rise of grassroots economic activities that have driven processes of commodification, monetization, and limited capital accumulation. Yet, it reveals the constraints of this process, as local surpluses often fail to circulate effectively, remaining trapped in short-term activities or idle reserves due to the absence of institutional guarantees. Chapter 5 shifts focus to "marketization from above," detailing how the privileged core exploits institutional hierarchies to extract surplus value generated in local economies. It examines the mechanisms of selective benefit allocation, monopolistic practices, and the centralization of economic gains, with particular attention to trade permits(wakeau) as a key lever of resource control and central-local disparities.
The culmination of this analysis in Chapter 6 provides a broader evaluation of the developmental outcomes of North Korea’s marketization, with particular emphasis on the persistence of underdevelopment and regional inequalities. Employing empirical data from international organizations, North Korean reports, and South Korean institutions, it demonstrates how extractive institutionalization has entrenched structural imbalances in resource allocation and market access. In framing North Korean marketization as a fragmented and dualistic process, this study challenges the dichotomous frameworks that dominate much of the existing literature. Rather than treating "from below and above” processes as separate phenomena, it demonstrates how the intersection of official and informal economies, combined with the strategic manipulation of institutional hierarchies by privileged elites, has created a highly unequal and extractive economic order.
The study acknowledges its methodological limitations, particularly the challenges posed by reliance on secondary data and the constraints of working within a tightly controlled informational environment. However, it concludes by proposing avenues for further research, including longitudinal studies on local economic variations, cross-national comparisons with other socialist economies, and deeper explorations of informal economic networks. Such work would enhance our understanding of the broader dynamics of North Korea’s marketization and its implications for local economic transformation.