The purpose of this study is to compare the fixation stiffness among of the cross pinning technique, figure-of-eight stainless steel wire technique, and bone staple technique in distal femoral physeal fractures using 3D-printed canine bone models.
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The purpose of this study is to compare the fixation stiffness among of the cross pinning technique, figure-of-eight stainless steel wire technique, and bone staple technique in distal femoral physeal fractures using 3D-printed canine bone models.
CT scans of the femurs in a 7-month-old, 5.6 kg Shiba Inu dog with open growth plates were used to create 21 bone models, which were then utilized for the experiment. To facilitate the experiment, the distal diaphysis and epiphysis of the femur were separately fabricated. Group 1 was stabilized with crossed pins using 1.4 mm Kirschner wires, Group 2 was stabilized with a figure-of-eight 0.8mm stainless steel wire, and Group 3 was stabilized with 10 mm wide bone staples. To conduct a bending test, additional fabrication was performed on the distal ends of the bones to serve as jigs. The experiment was conducted after mounting the femur at a 65-degree angle to the ground using the jig. In the experiment, a force was applied at a speed of 10N per minute. The results at 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm displacement and the maximum failure load were analyzed.
At all displacements 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). were observed between Group 1 and Group 3, as well as between Group 2 and Group 3. However, no significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 2. At maximum failure load, Group 1 and Group 2, Group 1 and Group 3, and Group 2 and Group 3, showed significant differences (p < 0.05). The failure modes included caudal bending of all K-wires in Group 1, wire unraveling in Group 2, and bone fractures around the staple or wire separation in Group 3.
In conclusion, this study indicates that the use of figure-of-eight steel wire or bone staples can be applicable to the cross-pinning technique for distal femoral physeal fractures.