Regular physical activity in the elderly is effective in reducing not only chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes but also psychological issues like depression and stress. However, only about one in three elderly in South Korea engage in s...
Regular physical activity in the elderly is effective in reducing not only chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes but also psychological issues like depression and stress. However, only about one in three elderly in South Korea engage in sufficient physical activity. Lack of physical activity leads to decreased physical fitness, and studies have shown that individuals with lower fitness levels have higher mortality rates. Therefore, systematic and sustained management of physical activity is essential for the health of the elderly.
Improved physical fitness is a key factor in maintaining independent daily living and extending healthy life expectancy. Additionally, regular exercise and participation in social activities contribute not only to enhanced quality of life but also to reducing societal costs. A survey revealed that 48.8% of elderly in South Korea walk on forest trails near their residence. Walking in forests is beneficial for reducing medical expenses and improving participants' well-being.
Forests contain various elements that activate physiological metabolism, enhancing resilience and maintaining homeostasis. However, the physical strain caused by forest slopes can lead to metabolic and muscular damage. This is especially concerning for elderly, whose ability to maintain homeostasis is diminished. Thus, it is necessary to establish appropriate forest exercise environments and protocols customized to the characteristics of elderly.
To achieve this, it is essential to determine the safe and effective intensity, frequency, and duration of forest exercises based on the physical fitness and health status of elderly. Additionally, the physiological effects of physical stimuli in forests on elderly need to be analyzed.
This study investigated the effects of forest exercise on physiological activity indicators, cognitive function, and emotional state in elderly to validate its health-promoting effects and to determine the effects according to exercise intensity. A total of 41 participants aged 65–89 were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to a control group (Daily Active Group, n=17) or an experimental group (Forest Exercise Group). The experimental group was further divided into a Moderate Intensity Forest-Exercise Group (n=12) and a High Intensity Forest-Exercise Group (n=12). The control group maintained their daily routines, while the experimental groups participated in a forest exercise program twice a week for 10 weeks. The program included breathing exercises, forest walking, strength training, and cognitive activities.
The Daily Active Group was assessed for physiological, cognitive, and emotional changes pre- and post-program. For the experimental groups, cognitive and emotional assessments were conducted before and after the program. Physiological changes in the Moderate and High Intensity Forest-Exercise Groups were analyzed using saliva samples collected before the program, before and after the 5th week, and after the completion of 20 sessions.
Physiological markers included Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), while emotional changes were analyzed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 27.0.
Results showed that DHEA and IgA levels significantly increased in the Moderate Intensity Forest-Exercise Group after 5 and 10 weeks. However, CRP levels increased in both the Moderate Intensity Forest-Exercise Group and the Daily Active Group without statistical significance, while the levels decreased in the High Intensity Forest-Exercise Group but were also not significant. Cognitive function improved significantly only in the High Intensity Forest-Exercise Group, and positive affect significantly increased in this group as well. Conversely, negative affect significantly increased in the Daily Active Group.
This study concluded that moderate-intensity forest exercise is optimal for enhancing physiological activity in older adults, while high-intensity forest exercise is most effective for improving cognitive function and positive emotional states. Therefore, forest exercise environments for older adults should balance low-intensity settings for exercise sustainability, moderate-intensity settings for physiological activation, and high-intensity settings for cognitive and emotional improvements. Additionally, forest exercise programs should be tailored to individual needs and designed with appropriate intensity levels for effective implementation.
Keywords: Elderly, Intensity of forest exercise, DHEA, IgA, CRP, Cognition, Emotion