Processing of Fermented Black Ginseng by Highly Efficient and Safe LED Process and its in vitro Biological Activities

국문 초록 (Abstract)

발효 흑삼(FBG)은 약리학적 특성과 잠재적인 건강상의 이점으로 인하여 많은 관심을 받고 있으나, 전통적인 흑삼 가공 과정에서 탄화로 인해 발생하는 발암물질인 벤조피렌이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LED를 적용한 벤조피렌이 없는 FBG를 생산하여 최종 제품의 안전성과 효능을 모두 보장하는 새로운 기술을 제시한다. LED 시스템은 발효 전 처리 공정부터 혁신적인 에너지효율로 건조 및 발효 과정이 동시에 진행되어 지기 위한 최적의 광 조건을 제공하는 이중적인 목적을 수행한다. LED 매개 변수의 세밀한 최적화와 목적에 부합한 건조를 통해 제어된 발효 환경을 달성함으로써, 벤조피렌 저감방식이 아닌 불검출 제조방식으로, 안전성을 기반으로 생물학적 활성 화합물을 향상시키며 기존의 BG 및 FBG와 비교하여 항산화, 항염증, 항암 활성을 포함한 FBG의 잠재적인 효능을 연구했다. 본 연구는 벤조피렌으로부터 자유로운 고품질 FBG 생산물을 목적으로 LED의 진보적 기술을 조명하고 향상된 생물학적 활성을 공개하여 영양학, 기능성 식품 및 치료 개입에 대한 활용의 길을 열수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Fermented black ginseng (FBG) has gained significant attention due to its enhanced pharmacological properties and potential health benefits. However, traditional fermentation processes often result in the formation of benzopyrene, a potentially carcinogenic substance. In this study, we present a novel technique utilizing Light Emitting Diode (LED) to produce benzopyrene-free FBG, ensuring both the safety and efficacy of the final product. The LED system serves a dual purpose: energy-efficient drying of the ginseng prior to fermentation and providing optimal light conditions to enhance the fermentation process. Through meticulous optimization of LED parameters and efficient drying, a controlled fermentation environment was achieved, enhancing the integrity of bioactive compounds in ginseng while eliminating benzopyrene formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic applications of FBG, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities compared to conventional BG and FBG were explored. This study sheds light on the innovative use of LED technology to produce high-quality FBG, free from benzopyrene, and unveils its enhanced bioactivity, opening avenues for its utilization in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and therapeutic interventions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. INTRODUCTION 1
• II. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
• III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
• 3.1. Materials and Methods 21
• 3.1.1. Chemicals 21
• 3.1.2. Inoculum preparation 21
• 3.1.3. Evaluation of the effect of LED on A. niger growth 22
• 3.1.4. Evaluation of the effect of LED on ginseng drying 22
• 3.1.5. Preparation of LFBG 23
• 3.1.6. LC/MS evaluation of ginsenoside profile in BG, FBG and LFBG 25
• 3.1.7. HPLC-FLD evaluation of Benzo[a]pyrene in LFBG 28
• 3.1.8. LC/MS evaluation of mycotoxins in LFBG 31
• 3.1.9. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents 33
• 3.1.10. Determination of radical scavenging activities 33
• 3.1.11. Cell culture 34
• 3.1.12. Cytotoxicity Assay 34
• 3.1.13. Evaluation of ROS Generation 35
• 3.1.14. Wound healing assay 36
• 3.1.15. Nitrite quantification 36
• 3.1.16. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 37
• 3.1.17. Statistical evaluation 39
• IV. Results and Discussion 40
• 4.1. Results and discussion 40
• 4.1.1. Effect of LED on A. niger growth 40
• 4.1.2. Evaluation of the effect of LED on ginseng drying 42
• 4.1.3. LC/MS evaluation of ginsenoside profile in BG, FBG and LFBG 44
• 4.1.4. HPLC-FLD evaluation of Benzo[a]pyrene in LFBG 47
• 4.1.5. LC/MS evaluation of mycotoxin in LFBG 50
• 4.1.6. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents 53
• 4.1.7. Antioxidant activity: DPPH and reducing power assays 53
• 4.1.8. Effect of LFBG on cell viability 55
• 4.1.9. Effect of LFBG on ROS content in A549 and cells 57
• 4.1.10. Effect of LFBG on A549 cell migration 60
• 4.1.11. ROS/p38 MAPK pathways related mRNA expression in A549 cells 62
• 4.1.12. Effect of LFBG in ROS production and NO generation in LPS induced Raw 264.7 cells 67
• 4.1.13. Effect of LFBG on inflammation related mRNA expression 71
• V. CONCLUSION 74
• VI. REFERENCES 76
• 국문 초록 84
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 85