Recently, the rapid development of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices has significantly increased the demand for secondary batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The current commercial lithium-ion batteries use graphite as...
Recently, the rapid development of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices has significantly increased the demand for secondary batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The current commercial lithium-ion batteries use graphite as an anode and store energy through reversible insertion and extraction of lithium-ions. However, the low theoretical capacity of graphite limits the energy density of these batteries, thereby necessitating improvements to meet diverse demands.
In this regard, lithium (Li) metal emerges as a promising next-generation anode material owing to its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g-1) and low standard reduction potential (-3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)). However, the high reactivity of Li metal presents some challenges, including the continuous formation and decomposition of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layers during the charge and discharge cycles, significant volume changes, and formation of Li dendrites. These issues lead to reduced Coulombic efficiency, diminished life characteristics, and raising safety concerns such as internal short circuits.
To address the inherent limitations of Li metal, recent research has explored storing Li in porous carbon, which effectively mitigates Li dendrite formation and volume changes. However, challenges remain; particularly the uneven deposition of Li, which is attributed to the low Li affinity of the carbon surface. Therefore, enhancing the reversibility of Li metal anodes requires a comprehensive approach that involves modifying both the pore structure and chemical properties of porous carbon.
This study presents a novel approach for commercializing Li metal anodes using zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-based Li host materials. ZIFs are unique in that they have controlled compositions and physical properties, achieved through precursor management. Additionally, the carbonization process allows the adjustment of pore structures and electrical conductivity. By modifying specific characteristics, this study aims to substantially enhance both the storage capacity and reversibility of Li metal. This strategic design and optimization of Li host materials is anticipated to be pivotal in advancing the performance and stability of the Li metal anodes, marking a significant advancement in Li storage technology.
The first section of this paper outlines a process for the spontaneous and uniform integration of Bismuth (Bi) into porous carbon (DPC), using galvanic displacement, performed at varying concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 M). After optimization, this process confirmed a uniform distribution of Bi in DPC, which elucidated the Li metal storage mechanism. The resulting Bi-DPC composite demonstrated an effective reduction in the overpotential of the Li metallization reaction and enhanced the life characteristics at a high current density of 4 mA cm-2.
The second section depicts the design of a 1D carbon-based Li metal anode having a tectonic structure. This innovative design features a dual-gradient pore structure and Li affinity. The process involved directly growing ZIF nanoparticles on Ag-NWs surfaces, followed by carbonization and galvanic displacement of Bi. The structural stability and reliability of the synthesized dual-gradient tectonic anode was validated through a comprehensive microstructure analysis. This design enabled a stable Li electrodeposition and deintercalation at the electrode level during charging and discharging, which was attributed to its unique geometric and chemical properties. Furthermore, the design exhibited enhanced rate capability and improved cycle performance, which can be ascribed to its large specific surface area and high Li affinity.
To summarize, this study offers innovative insights into the design and development of high-performance Li metal batteries, and emphasizes the importance of uniform electrode reactions and improved reversibility using a strategic Li host material design.