Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted attention owing to global climate change, including global warming, and the implementation of carbon-neutral policies by governments worldwide. Consequently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), crucial for en...
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted attention owing to global climate change, including global warming, and the implementation of carbon-neutral policies by governments worldwide. Consequently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), crucial for energy storage in EVs, have become a promising technology to address the aforementioned issues. In particular, LIBs, a type of secondary battery, are treated as promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy density and excellent power characteristics. However, the currently commercialized LIBs cannot achieve energy densities sufficient for electric vehicles to travel over 600 km on a single charge. Consequently, research is actively being conducted to enhance the energy density of LIBs through the development of various materials to increase reversible capacity. Silicon-based anode materials are classified as the advanced anode materials for LIBs owing to their high theoretical capacity (~3850 mAh g-1) and low operating voltage range (< 0.5 V vs. Li/Li+), which facilitate the achievement of high-energy LIBs. However, silicon anodes encounter irreversible Li+ loss owing to the over-formation of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer during the initial charging process. This irreversible Li+ loss causes a reduction in the reversible capacity and degradation of the cycle performances of LIBs. To compensate for this irreversible Li+ loss, a pre-lithiation process is essential. The pre-lithiation process offers the advantage of compensating for the Li+ loss owing to the initial SEI layer formation on silicon anodes, thereby enhancing the initial Coulombic efficiency. Pre-lithiation processes are categorized into chemical pre-lithiation, electrochemical pre-lithiation, and cathode additive pre-lithiation. Both chemical and electrochemical pre-lithiation face limitations in commercialization owing to environmental constraints and increased production costs associated with the introduction of additional processes. However, cathode additive pre-lithiation can be implemented in existing processes, offering the benefits of simplicity and cost reduction. Li-excess cathode additives, possessing more than two moles of Li+, can effectively compensate for the irreversible Li+ loss from the anode material during the initial charging process, thereby contributing to the enhancement of the energy density of LIBs. To apply Li-excess cathode additives, factors, such as the operating voltage range, initial irreversible capacity, and structural stability, must be considered. Notable examples of Li-excess cathode additives include Li2MoO3 (monoclinic, C2/m), Li2NiO2 (orthorhombic, Immm), and Li5FeO4 (orthorhombic, Pbca). Among these, Li2NiO2 is a promising material for Li-excess cathode additives. This is owing to its high irreversible capacity (~280 mAh g-1) and moderate operating voltage range (3.6–4.4 V vs. Li/Li+). It is currently the subject of active research. Despite these advantages, Li2NiO2 cathode additives face limitations in commercialization. First, Li2NiO2, when exposed to air, reacts with moisture (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), forming residual lithium compounds, such as LiOH and Li2CO3. Because these compounds are electrochemically inactive, they increase interfacial resistance and reduce the reversible capacity. Second, there is the significant issue of oxygen evolution owing to irreversible redox reactions of anions above an operating voltage of 3.8 V vs. Li/Li+. This oxygen evolution can cause cell expansion problems and other stability concerns.
Therefore, in this study, we aimed to address the two aforementioned issues by introducing a functional coating layer and designing an anion substitution process. By applying a functional coating layer to the surface, we suppressed reactions with H2O and CO2 in the air, thereby enhancing atmospheric stability. Additionally, we intended to improve structural stability through the trapping of oxygen. Furthermore, through anion substitution, we aimed to control the oxidation state in the crystal structure and strengthen the bonding. Consequently, reversible capacity was improved and oxygen evolution was suppressed.
In Chapter I, it was observed that the Polyborosiloxane (PBS) coating layer is uniformly coated in an amorphous form on the surface of the Li2NiO2 material. The hydrophobic nature of the PBS coating layer enhances atmospheric stability, enabling it to maintain an initial capacity retention rate of 94.8%, significantly higher than the 38.4% of the uncoated Li2NiO2, even after exposure for 24 h at a relative humidity of 40%. Furthermore, the dative bonding features of boron within the PBS coating layer contribute to a substantial reduction in oxygen gas generation, decreasing it by approximately 94%. By applying this improved PBS@Li2NiO2 material in composite cathode materials for full cell tests, it was verified that the material exhibits an excellent capacity retention of 71.8% after 300 cycles, surpassing the performance of the original material.
Chapter II presents research on the substitution process of F-anions. F-anions have a smaller ionic radius and higher electronegativity compared to O-anions, which causes a decrease in the lattice parameter when introduced into the crystal structure. This phenomenon was verified through microstructure and bond structure analysis. The evaluation of electrochemical properties showed that the introduction of F-anions resulted in an increase in capacity by 40.2 mAh g-1 compared to conventional Li2NiO2, owing to an additional Ni2+ redox reaction within the crystal structure. Furthermore, real-time gas generation analysis confirmed a 77% reduction in O2 gas evolution, attributable to a reversible anion redox reaction in the Lix-F bond. Postmortem analysis after the electrochemical property evaluation verified the structural stabilization effect (suppression of microcrack formation within particles) owing to the introduction of F-anions.
Accordingly, the microstructural engineering strategy of Li-excess Li2NiO2 cathode additives is anticipated to be a key technology for enhancing the stability of cathode additives, thereby facilitating the achievement of high-energy LIB.