Science activities inherently involve uncertainty. Scientists manage the uncertainty to achieve their own certainty, using it as a driving force in their scientific endeavors. However, people often misunderstand scientific uncertainty as purely negati...
Science activities inherently involve uncertainty. Scientists manage the uncertainty to achieve their own certainty, using it as a driving force in their scientific endeavors. However, people often misunderstand scientific uncertainty as purely negative. Understanding science activities correctly is an important goal in science education, but there is a lack of specific research in this area. Therefore, there is a need to establish an understanding of scientific uncertainty and explore ways to convey it accurately to students.
The research question is as follows. First, what types of scientific uncertainties are inherent in science activities, and how do scientists cope with each uncertainty? Second, how do high school science textbooks present examples of scientific uncertainties? To answer these questions, Research 1 explored scientific uncertainties by analyzing various research literature. Research 2 analyzed how the scientific uncertainties, extracted through Research 1, are represented in high school science textbooks.
Research 1 analyzed 33 research papers on scientific uncertainties. To select the research targets, 6 recent science education papers over the past ten years focusing on uncertainty inherent in science activities were initially chosen. From these selected papers, a snowball sampling method was used to expand to 33 documents regarding scientific uncertainty. The selected research targets were analyzed using traditional literature review methods. Various elements related to scientific uncertainties were extracted from each document, and common elements were grouped to derive categories.
The results of the literature analysis concluded that scientific uncertainties can be categorized into four types: First, uncertainty is inherent in ‘data sampling and measurement’ due to extraction of only a part of nature as data and limitations of measurement devices. Secondly, ‘theory and model generation’ generates uncertainty because theories and models undergo idealization processes and may be subject to modification. Third, predicting the future perfectly through science is impossible, making uncertainty in ‘prediction and decision-making’, especially when interwined with society. Fourth, uncertainty is inherent in ‘human activities’, as scientists are also human and cannot make the right decision at every moment.
Through literature analysis, scientists were found to cope with the four types of scientific uncertainty as follows: First, to reduce the uncertainty inherent in ‘data extraction and measurement,’ scientists openly acknowledge uncertainties generated from data sampling and device limitations in the research process and strive to develop research methods or devices. Second, to deal with the uncertainty inherent in ‘theory and model generation,’ scientists repeatedly criticize and modify theories and models. Thirdly, scientists acknowledge the uncertainty in ‘prediction and decision-making’ and communicate probabilistic results using statistical methods. Fourthly, to reduce the uncertainty inherent in ‘human activities,’ scientists utilize communication channels within the scientific community, such as peer review.
Research 2 focused on how high school textbooks present the scientific uncertainties. For this purpose, three textbooks from the 2015 revised curriculum, ’Integrated Science’, ‘Science Inquiry Experiment’, and ‘History of Science’, which aim to understand science activities were analyzed. The analysis was guided by the types of scientific uncertainties and scientists' coping strategies derived from Research 1.
The results of the textbook analysis are as follows: Firstly, the textbooks mainly introduced scientific uncertainties and scientists' coping strategies while introducing science concepts based on the historical development of science. Particularly through the ‘History of Science’ textbook, uncertainties regarding science and its relationships with society, politics, and economics were mentioned. Secondly, there were discrepancies in the textbook description of how scientists deal with scientific uncertainty compared to the results of the literature analysis. While scientists are to communicate probabilistic outcomes, the textbooks sometimes used deterministic statements. Third, the uncertainty and coping strategies regarding limitations of measurement devices were absent from the main text and inquiry activities of the textbooks.
The conclusion drawn from these research findings is as follows: First, uncertainty is inherent in science activities, and to understand scientific uncertainty correctly, it is necessary to understand how scientists cope with uncertainties. Second, textbooks convey scientific uncertainty and scientists' coping strategies when introducing concepts alongside scientific thinking processes or historical developments. However, textbooks have limitations in including only some types of scientific uncertainties or in conveying misunderstandings about how scientists cope with scientific uncertainties.
The implications and suggestions of this research are as follows: To understand science activities correctly, it is necessary to view them from the perspective of uncertainty and understand the efforts of scientists to handle it. This can help students develop scientific attitudes and trust in science. Furthermore, when developing textbooks, efforts should be made to address various types of scientific uncertainties and to properly introduce scientists' coping strategies with scientific uncertainty to students.