This study examines the formation and development of the United Nations' role in regulating the division system of Korean Peninsula from the armistice in 1953 to the onset of détente in 1971, focusing on the evolution of discussions on the 'Korean Qu...
This study examines the formation and development of the United Nations' role in regulating the division system of Korean Peninsula from the armistice in 1953 to the onset of détente in 1971, focusing on the evolution of discussions on the 'Korean Question' at the UN General Assembly. In particular, the research aims to reveal that the growth of the Non-Aligned and Neutral Third World had a decisive impact on the political and military engagement of the UN on the Korean Peninsula from the perspective of ‘global Cold War history'.
Chapter 1 explores the process by which the Korean issue was transferred back to the UN following the failure of the Geneva Conference to politically resolve the Korean Peninsula's problems after the Korean War, and how the 'Korean Question' became a subject of annual discussion at the UN General Assembly. Although the Geneva Conference discussed most proposals related to Korean unification, sharp opposition over the UN's authority on the Korean issue led to the conference's breakdown. The 'Two Principles' proposed by the 16 UN member states participating in the conference at the time of its breakdown were established as the basic principles of South Korea, the United States, and the Western bloc for Korean unification through the 9th General Assembly resolution in 1954. These principles, recognizing the UN's authority and mandate to unify the Korean Peninsula through free elections under UN supervision, were unacceptable to North Korea and China, who had fought against the UN in the Korean War, thus justifying the maintenance of division and the continuation of containment policies by the US and South Korea.
The role of India is highlighted in this process. India assumed a mediating role in the Korean Peninsula issue, both from its pursuit of a neutral stance and in maintaining stable relations with neighboring China. The United States, aware of India's international position as a leader among newly independent countries with vast territory and population, emphasized the UN framework to check India's 'status quo breaking' solutions to the Korean issue, such as hosting international conferences. This led to the institutionalization of discussions on the 'Korean Question'at the UN General Assembly in response to movements from neutral countries and the Third World.
Chapter 2 addresses the continued involvement of the UN on the Korean Peninsula amid the numerical dominance of the Western bloc within the UN and the visible fractures within the UN member states following the active entry of newly independent countries into the UN from the late 1950s. The United States reiterated the 'Two Principles' through discussions on the 'Korean Question'at the General Assembly to block the spread of discussions advocating direct exchanges between North and South Korea initiated by neutral countries, including India. As the situation did not deviate from the 'Two Principles,' doubts about the utility of the UN as a means for unification emerged within Korean society. The US considered utilizing UNCURK to respond but could not proceed due to opposition from allies.
The entrance of neutral and newly independent countries into the UN in the late 1950s impacted the UN's involvement in the Korean Peninsula. Commonwealth countries argued for the modification or withdrawal of the 'Two Principles' and the reorganization of UNCURK to enable exchanges with North Korea and China, causing friction with the United States. Despite challenges, the US succeeded in maintaining the 'Two Principles' as the UN's official stance, but fractures among UN member states became a reality.
Military fractures among the UN member states also emerged as the armistice prolonged, leading most UN forces, except for Thailand and Turkey, to withdraw their combat forces, leaving only liaison officers. The US covered most of the costs for the continued stationing of Thai and Turkish forces, but the reduction and division of UN forces posed potential risks to the UN's division management.
Chapter 3 explores the period of the early to mid-1960s, when the spread of non-alignment and neutrality on a global scale led to visible fractures in the UN's political and military engagement. The entry of newly independent countries into the UN increased numerically, and these countries attempted political consolidation around the Non-Aligned Movement, raising voices against the dominance of the superpowers. Structural changes within the UN made it difficult for the US and South Korea to maintain the 'Two Principles' as the official stance through UN resolutions, and around 1962, the 'Two Principles' effectively became obsolete. The possibility of North Korea attending the UN General Assembly became a reality, making the 'invitation issue' a core topic in discussions on the 'Korean Question'. Despite strong demands from Commonwealth countries, the US established a policy to stop the automatic inscription of the 'Korean Question'in 1964, which the South Korean government did not accept.
In the mid-1960s, the Soviet Union and the communist bloc turned to an offensive stance in discussions on the 'Korean Question'at the UN, with non-aligned countries responding in kind. The Soviet Union and the communist bloc actively argued for the dismantling of UNCURK and the withdrawal of UN forces to accelerate the North-South split, exploiting legal and institutional weaknesses of the UN Command alongside Third World countries, posing significant challenges to Korea and the US. Attacks on the legitimacy of the UN forces and UN Command threatened the continuation of the East Asian security system constructed by the US using the UN's name and authority.
Chapter 4 examines the background and process through which the US sought to disengage its political and military involvement through the UN in the late 1960s to early 1970s. The growth of the Non-Aligned Third World made it difficult for the US to maintain its involvement in the Korean Peninsula through the UN, leading to the implementation of the policy to stop the automatic inscription of the 'Korean Question' in 1968. Although the US understood this policy as a measure to significantly reduce the UN's involvement in the Korean Peninsula, the South Korean government emphasized continuous UN involvement using the term 'discretionary inscription’. The onset of détente in the 1970s accelerated the US's 'de-UNification' efforts, with the US beginning efforts to end its political and military involvement through the UN by the end of 1970, including the dissolution of UN agencies in Korea.
Through this research, it was confirmed that the core purpose of the UN's political and military involvement in the Korean Peninsula, led by the US from the armistice to the 1970s, was the 'stable' management of the division situation. The US and South Korea utilized the UN system to dominate international discussions on unification, affirm the 'sole legitimacy' of the South Korean government, and isolate North Korea in the international community. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the UN's power structure underwent fundamental changes following the numerical increase and political consolidation of the Third World from the mid-1950s, leading to decisive changes in the UN's role in regulating the division system of Korean peninsula.