Purpose: Auditory temporal resolution (ATR) is the ability to discriminate and perceive small temporal differences in sound, and is related to sound characteristics and neural stimulus processing speed, and affects speech perception. The decline in ne...
Purpose: Auditory temporal resolution (ATR) is the ability to discriminate and perceive small temporal differences in sound, and is related to sound characteristics and neural stimulus processing speed, and affects speech perception. The decline in neural stimulus processing speed due to aging and hearing loss leads to a decrease in auditory temporal resolution, which in turn, leads to a decrease in speech perception in older adults. Fortunately, auditory temporal resolution training has been reported to be effective for older adults with hearing loss. Despite the current trend of increasing elderly population, there is a lack of research and development of training tools for auditory temporal resolution training in Korea. The purpose of this study was to develop an ATR training program as an application that can be applied according to the characteristics of the stimulus sound: frequency, length, and intensity, and to lay the foundation for clinical use of the training program by presenting the norms of Korean adults.
Method: The ATR training program was developed in the form of an application through an android-based Unity program. The program consisted of a total of 20 conditions according to five frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz of narrow-band noise, broad-band noise), and four durations (50, 100, 250, and 500 ms), and a total of 13 (2-40 ms) gaps were included in each condition. The training method used a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) method that allows the identification of one stimulus including a gap in two stimuli, and adaptive learning (Levitt, 1971) that is converted based on 70.7% forward response was applied. The average of the last 6 gap durations among 8 reversals, which is the termination criterion for each condition, was calculated as the final performance. In order to establish the parameters of the developed training program, the ATR threshold was measured under the conditions of stimulus frequency, duration, and level (35 dB HL and 50 dB HL) using a program developed for 26 normal hearing adults and 13 normal hearing and hearing-impaired elderly people. Test-retest reliability for ATR thresholds was measured, and Gap in Noise (GIN) and Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) thresholds were measured and compared.
Results: As a result of measuring the ATR in normal hearing adults with the frequency, intensity, and length of the stimulus sound, all performance between intensity showed a significant difference except for 100 ms of 500 Hz and 50 ms of 4000 Hz, indicating that training by intensity was necessary. In terms of performance between frequencies, the difference between 500 and 2000 Hz was significant, and in the case of 4000 Hz and BBN, it was not. It was indicated that training by frequency was significant below 2000 Hz, but in the high frequency range above that, it should be individually selected according to the length. There was a significant difference in performance between lengths from 500 to 2000 Hz, and the shorter the length, the higher the threshold, but 4000 Hz and BBN showed little significant difference between lengths, and the highest threshold at 100 ms. Therefore, training by length of low frequencies below 2000 Hz is possible, and training with a different length of 100 ms was significant in 4000 Hz and BBN. The reliability of the test-retest of ATR was confirmed, and no correlation was found as a result of the validity test, but in the case of GIN, it showed a close threshold within 1.5 ms, and in the case of RGDT, the ATR and the threshold were closer to each other within 2.4 ms as the frequency increased. As a result of measuring the elderly's temporal resolution performance by frequency under 500 ms length conditions, there was a significant difference between frequencies, and as the frequency increased, the threshold was significantly lower, and all of them showed significantly higher thresholds than that of normal hearing adults. Individual thresholds for the elderly based on the average adult performance. The subjects showing performance below 2 SD were 1000-4000 Hz for 500 Hz and 33-46% for BBN.
Conclusions: The results of measuring temporal resolution using the ATR training program showed that performance varied with stimulus frequency, duration, and intensity, suggesting that training based on a difficulty hierarchy using parametric conditions could be applied. For future clinical use of ATR training program, validation studies of training feasibility should be followed up with normative studies of aging and hearing loss.
Keywords: central auditory processing, temporal resolution, gap detection thresholds, auditory training application, elderly auditory rehabilitation