Effects of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) inhibition by amlexanox on traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal neuronal death
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) precipitates extensive cerebral damage, manifesting as impairments in cognitive, memory, and motor ...
Effects of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) inhibition by amlexanox on traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal neuronal death
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) precipitates extensive cerebral damage, manifesting as impairments in cognitive, memory, and motor functions. This pathology is frequently characterized by the disruption of neuro-signaling pathways. Central to this disruption is the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE), which critically regulates the catabolism of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The ensuing decline in cAMP levels and the concomitant attenuation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity lead to compromised autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction, contributing significantly to cellular apoptosis. Following TBI, the release of zinc from presynaptic vesicles into postsynaptic neurons fails to rectify the reduced lysosomal pH, exacerbating lysosomal inefficacy and autophagic flux, both vital for the clearance of cellular detritus and implicated in the aggravation of neuronal demise.
In this context, Amlexanox, a compound with established anti-inflammatory properties and known as a non-selective PDE inhibitor, is posited to mitigate these effects. By impeding PDE activity, Amlexanox facilitates an elevation in cAMP concentrations, thereby augmenting PKA activity. Our research postulates that Amlexanox could counter TBI-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by stabilizing zinc homeostasis, enhancing autophagy, and attenuating inflammation. This hypothesis was investigated using a primary neuron culture system, revealing predominant localization of increased zinc fluorescence within lysosomes, indicating Amlexanox’s potential to impede PDE and restore lysosomal acidity via the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Corroborative evidence was obtained from a TBI animal model; rats administered with Amlexanox (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) post-TBI exhibited a notable reduction in neuronal degeneration, alongside diminished inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and cognitive deficits. These neuroprotective effects are ascribed to the amelioration of lysosomal and autophagic functions, essential for the efficient elimination of damaged proteins.
Cumulatively, our findings elucidate that post-TBI, heightened PDE activity precipitates a decrease in cAMP and PKA activity, leading to neuronal death through dysfunctional lysosomal and autophagic pathways. Accordingly, this study advances the proposition that Amlexanox represents a viable therapeutic candidate for the prevention of hippocampal neuronal death in the aftermath of TBI.