ASSESSMENT OF AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY : CASE STUDY , DJEREM -CAMEROON = 대수층 특성 및 지하수 수질 평가, 사례 연구, 카메룬 ? 카메룬

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This research work undertake the extensive analysis of aquifer properties and groundwater quality in the Djerem Department to serve as an alternative water source for the inhabitants in the advent of declining water level due to climate change. The main objectives are; What are the aquifer characteristics and groundwater quality in the study area? ,What is the relationship between transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity within these aquifers?,What are the possible remediation of groundwater quality in the Djerem Department.
Pumping test method was used to investigate the transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storativity of the aquifer. Excel software was used for regression analysis and further determined the standard deviation in the relationship that existed between the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. Chemical analysis were carried out using EPA methods
Results show that the aquifer physical charactristics of the study area were influenced by anisotropy and heterogeneity behaviour pattern. Aquifer exibited transmissivity value pataining to imperceptable aquifers of < 0.1 m2/day. Analysis using EPA methods indicated that the water bearing formations were free from high major ions concentration and zones of polluted groundwater were due to anthropogenic sources (60%). And were mainly nitride ions concentrations illustrated on the interpolated maps.
Results show that anisotropy and heterogeneity influence groundwater flow. On this basis it is recommended that the expoitation of groundwater at depth < 70 m in the Djerem Department must consider the transmissivity value < 0.1 m2/day. Further research is needed to identify the recharge and discharge of the study area.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구 작업은 기후 변화로 인한 수위 감소의 도래에 주민들을 위한 대체 수원 역할을 하기 위해 Djerem 부서의 대수층 특성 및 지하수 수질에 대한 광범위한 분석을 수행합니다. 주요 목표는 다음과 같습니다. 연구 지역의 대수층 특성과 지하수 수질은 어떻습니까? ,이 대수층 내에서 투과율과 수압 전도도 사이의 관계는 무엇입니까?,지하수의 가능한 정화는 무엇입니까?
펌핑 시험 방법을 사용하여 대수층의 투과율, 수압 전도도 및 저장성을 조사했습니다. Excel 소프트웨어는 회귀 분석에 사용되었으며 수압 전도도와 투과율 사이에 존재하는 관계의 표준 편차를 추가로 결정했습니다. 화학 분석은 EPA 방법을 사용하여 수행되었습니다
결과는 연구 영역의 대수층 물리적 특성이 이방성 및 이질성 행동 패턴에 의해 영향을 받았다는 것을 보여줍니다. 대수층은 < 0.1m2/day일의 지각할 수 없는 대수층에 적용되는 투과율 값을 방출했습니다. EPA 방법을 사용한 분석에 따르면 물 함유 지층은 높은 주요 이온 농도가 없으며 오염된 지하수 구역은 인위적 공급원(60%)에 기인하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 그리고 보간된 지도에 묘사된 주로 질화물 이온 농도이었다
결과는 이방성과 이질성이 지하수 흐름에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여줍니다. 이를 바탕으로 제렘 부서 에서 수심 70m< 지하수 노출은 투과율 값을 0.1m2/day 고려해야 합니다. 연구 영역의 재충전 및 방전을 식별하기 위해 추가 연구가 필요합니다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract i
• LIST OF TABLES vii
• LIST OF FIGURES viii
• CHARPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
• 1.1. Background 1
• 1.2. Statement Of The Problem. 4
• 1.3. Main Objective 5
• 1.4. Research Objectives 6
• 1.5. Research Questions 6
• 1.6. Significance of the Study 6
• 1.7. Scope Of The Study 9
• CHAPTER II: LITERARURE REVIEW 10
• 2.1. Definition of terms 10
• 2.2. Aquifer Characteristics 19
• 2.2.1. Aquifer types & Classification 19
• 2.2.2. Aquifer Characteristics 20
• 2.2.3. Confined Aquifer (Artesian Aquifer) 20
• 2.2.4. Confined Aquifer (Artesian Aquifer) Characteristics 20
• 2.2.5. Semi-confined Aquifer (Leaky Confined Aquifer) 21
• 2.2.6. Semi-confined Aquifer (Leaky Confined Aquifer) Characteristics 21
• 2.2.7. Geological Classification 22
• 2.2.8. Aquifer Material 22
• 2.2.9. Geological Classification Types 23
• 2.2.10. Hydraulic Classification 23
• 2.2.11. Hydraulic Classification Types 24
• 2.2.12. Hydrogeological Processes 25
• 2.2.13. Recharge 25
• 2.2.14. Discharge 26
• 2.2.15. Natural Discharge 26
• 2.2.16. Human-Induced Discharge 26
• 2.2.17. Flow Patterns 27
• 2.2.18. Factors that influence hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity 28
• 2.2.19. Heterogeneity and Anisotropy 29
• 2.3. Groundwater Quality 31
• 2.3.1. Groundwater contaminants 31
• 2.3.2. Pathogens 31
• 2.3.3. Nutrients 32
• 2.3.4. Heavy Metals 32
• 2.3.5. Organic Pollutants 32
• 2.3.6. Emerging Contaminants 33
• 2.3.7. Groundwater monitoring and sampling 33
• 2.4. Regulatory framwork 33
• 2.5. Interactions between aquifer characteristics and groundwater quality 34
• 2.5.1. Transportation mechanisms 34
• 2.5.2. Influence on Contaminant Transport 34
• 2.5.3. Influence on Contaminant Transport 35
• 2.5.4. Heterogeneity and Anisotropy 35
• 2.5.5. Aquifer Depth 36
• 2.5.6. Hydrogeological Gradient 36
• 2.5.7. Groundwater, transport mechanisms 36
• 2.6. Gap in Knowledge 37
• 2.7. Future research 38
• CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 39
• 3.1. Research Design and Approach 39
• 3.2. Study Area and site location 39
• 3.2.1. Geographical background 39
• 3.2.2. Vegetation 40
• 3.2.3. Hydrography 40
• 3.2.4. Climate 41
• 3.2.5. Topography 41
• 3.2.6. Soil 42
• 3.2.7. Geological Background 42
• 3.3. Data Collection Methods 43
• 3.3.1. Subsection 1: Aquifer Characteristics 44
• 3.3.2. Subsection 2: Groundwater Quality 46
• 3.3.3. Laboratory Analysis 47
• 3.3.4. Data Analysis 48
• 3.3.6. Data Validation & Quality Assurance 49
• 3.3.7. Limitations 49
• CHAPTER IV:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 51
• 4.1. Structure of our results and discussion 51
• 4.2. Aquifer Characteristics Analyses 51
• 4.2.1. Groundwater Availability 53
• 4.2.2. Aquifer Health 53
• 4.2.3. Water Quality 53
• 4.2.4. Community Water Supply 53
• 4.2.5. Infrastructure Stability 54
• 4.2.6. Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity 54
• 4.3. Discussion 56
• 4.3.1. Water Quality and Human Health 63
• 4.3.2. Corrosion of Infrastructure 63
• 4.3.3. Agricultural Impacts 64
• 4.3.4. Aquatic Ecosystem Health 64
• 4.3.5. Oxidation Reduction Potential 64
• 4.3.6. Dissolved Oxygen 65
• 4.3.7. Pollutants result 66
• 4.3.8. Toxic parameters 67
• 4.3.9. Cations and Anions 68
• 4.3.10. Alkalinity 69
• 4.3.11. Proposed strategies to mitigate water quality issues 77
• 4.4. Comparism with prior studies 77
• 4.5. Limitation and uncertainties 78
• CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 79
• 5.1. Conclusion 79
• 5.2. Recommendations 80
• References 82
• APPENDICES 84
• 국문초록 104
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 105