The Role of Civil Society in Consolidating Democracies in India and the Republic of Korea, 1991-2021 A Case Study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Abstract
This thesis examines the role of civil society in consolidating democracies in India and the Republic of Korea from 1991 to 2021. Through a comprehensive case study approach, it seeks to analyze and compare the experiences of both countries in their democratic journeys. The study investigates the various ways in which civil society organizations have contributed to the consolidation of democratic institutions, processes, and norms in these two nations. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the thesis explores the strategies and initiatives undertaken by civil society actors in promoting civic engagement, fostering participatory governance, and advocating for human rights and social justice. It examines the impact of these efforts on the development of democratic practices, the strengthening of democratic institutions, and the enhancement of citizen participation and empowerment. Furthermore, the thesis delves into the challenges and obstacles faced by civil society organizations in their democratization endeavours. It examines the dynamics of civil society-state relations, the influence of political and socio-cultural factors, and the role of external actors in shaping the trajectory of democratic consolidation. The analysis highlights the importance of a vibrant and independent civil society in sustaining and deepening democratic processes. By drawing lessons from the Indian and Korean experiences, this thesis aims to contribute to the broader understanding of the role of civil society in consolidating democracies. It provides valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners interested in promoting democratic governance and strengthening civil society in diverse contexts. Ultimately, the findings of this study underscore the significance of civil society as a crucial actor in the consolidation and advancement of democratic values and practices.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Chapter One: Introduction 1
• 1.1 Background 1
• 1.2 Comparative Study: 4
• 1.2.1 India's Economic Liberalization: 4
• 1.2.2 South Korea's Democratization: 5
• 1.2.3 Maturing Democracies: 5
• 1.2.4 Globalization and Technological Advancements: 5
• 1.2.5 Changing Socio-Political Landscapes: 5
• 1.3 Review of Literature: 7
• 1.4 The Emergence of Civil Society in the Pre-1987 Era and its Struggle for Democracy: 9
• 1.5 Civil Society and the Politics of Democratic Transition: 11
• 1.6 Consolidation of Democracy Aftermath of Democratic Transition: 12
• 1.7 Gap in Literature: 14
• 1.8 Definition, Rationale, and Scope of Study: 15
• 1.9 Research Questions: 16
• 1.10 Hypotheses: 17
• 1.11 Theory: 17
• Chapter Two: Democracy in South Korea and India: 19
• 2.1 Introduction: 19
• 2.1.1 Historical Background: 20
• 2.1.2 Key Elements of South Korean Democracy: 21
• 2.2 Obstacles and Successes: 23
• 2.2.1 Familial localism in India and South Korea and the Democratic culture of the Developed Nations:
• 2.2.2 Local Familism Influence on Domestic Politics in South Korea and India: 27
• 2.2.3 India's Local Familism and Domestic Politics: 27
• 2.3 Challenges: 29
• 2.4 Conclusion: 30
• Chapter Three: Civil Society in India and South Korea 33
• 3.1 Background: 33
• 3.1.1 Historical and Cultural Context: 34
• 3.1.2 Legal and Regulatory Surroundings: 35
• 3.1.3 Issues and Priorities of Civil Society in India and South Korea: 37
• 3.2 Issues and Priorities of Civil Society in South Korea: 38
• 3.2.1 Democratization History of India and South Korea and Civil Society: 40
• 3.2.2 Civil Society Politics of Protecting Democracy in South Korea and India: 41
• 3.2.3 Commonalities and Differences of Civil Society Groups' Policies in Consolidating Democracy in India and South Korea Introduction: 44
• 3.3 Commonalities in Policy Objectives: 44
• 3.3.1 Differences in Policy Approaches: 46
• 3.4 Conclusion 47
• Chapter Four: Democratic Consolidations in India and South Korea 49
• 4.1 Democratic Consolidation in India: 49
• 4.1.1 Civil Society in India 49
• 4.1.2 Contributions of Civil Society to Democratic Consolidation in India 50
• 4.1.3 Promoting Citizen Participation and Engagement: 50
• 4.2 Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: 50
• 4.2.1 Safeguarding Human Rights and Social Justice: 50
• 4.2.2 Strengthening Democratic Institutions and Governance: 50
• 4.2.3 Case Studies: Exemplifying Civil Society's Impact: 51
• 4.3 Democratic Consolidation in South Korea: 52
• 4.4 Regionalism and Localism in Indian and South Korean Politics: India 56 56
• 4.5 Pluralism and Diversity in Democratic Consolidations in South Korea 59
• 4.6 Conclusion: 61
• Chapter Five: Conclusion 63
• Bibliography 69