The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 and the war in Ukraine in 2022 disrupted global supply chains and grain trade, leading to widespread food insecurity. In response, countries implemented restrictions on grain exports to safeguard their own food supplies. ...
The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 and the war in Ukraine in 2022 disrupted global supply chains and grain trade, leading to widespread food insecurity. In response, countries implemented restrictions on grain exports to safeguard their own food supplies. However, the global grain market is heavily concentrated in a few countries, leaving poorer and less food-sufficient nations facing severe food crises.
Food security entails ensuring that all individuals have continuous physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for a healthy and active life. Nowadays, food security is not solely determined by the lack of food supply, but rather hinges on effective consumption, distribution, and access to food. In other words, the root cause of the current food security problem lies in unequal social structures and state relations, rather than the availability of food itself.
Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has grappled with food insecurity due to its heavy reliance on foreign sources for food and its economy. This study examines Tajikistan's food security from an external perspective, using the asymmetric interdependence theory to highlight unequal state relations and supply structures as the underlying causes of food security problems. The theory suggests that asymmetrical interdependence serves as a power dynamic that shapes the relationship between strong and weak states.
The analysis of food security in Tajikistan explores two main conceptual elements of asymmetric interdependence: sensitivity and vulnerability. Sensitivity refers to the pre-existing costs incurred before implementing new policies, with higher levels of interaction between countries leading to greater sensitivity. This paper measures sensitivity by assessing trade dependence, economic dependence, grain dependence, and energy dependence, all of which impact food security. On the other hand, vulnerability refers to the costs incurred due to damages caused by new policies, which increase if no measures are taken to mitigate them or if the country lacks the necessary resources. Vulnerability is evaluated based on government finances, the availability of substitutes and alternative import lines for highly dependent commodities, alternative industries, food security policies, and economic policies.
The analysis reveals that Tajikistan exhibits significant asymmetric interdependence with Russia and Kazakhstan. Tajikistan relies on Kazakhstan for 98% of its wheat imports and on Russia for 69% of its oil imports. Additionally, 90% of Tajikistan's migrant workers are destined for Russia, highlighting the country's high dependence on remittances from Russia for its economy. Tajikistan's substantial asymmetric interdependence with Russia and Kazakhstan implies that any changes in relations or policies with these countries can lead to food insecurity, as evidenced by the case studies. Given the comparatively lower level of asymmetric interdependence, Russia and Kazakhstan hold a power advantage in their relations with Tajikistan, potentially limiting Tajikistan's food security and policy autonomy. Therefore, Tajikistan should aim to develop its own food industry and economy to achieve food security and enhance its national autonomy and security.
Food security is a vital aspect of human security, directly impacting human survival. It highlights the realistic dynamics between powerful and weaker countries and exposes the asymmetrical relationships between nations more clearly. When food becomes a weapon, relatively stronger countries find it easier to exert power over weaker ones. Thus, a country's food problem extends beyond internal food security and has implications for national security, foreign relations, and even international security.
This study serves as an illustrative example of how economic factors and food security shape the dynamics among countries in the former Soviet Union, rather than relying on physical means such as military force. It also has implications for South Korea's policy regarding North Korea's food shortages, which mirror those faced by Tajikistan, and suggests the potential for cooperation between Tajikistan and South Korea in developing their respective food industries and economies.