As semiconductor devices are highly integrated into sub-3 nm technology nodes, reduced contact widths and high current densities in the middle of the line (MOL) have a significant impact on the reliability of the device. This study proposes the possib...
As semiconductor devices are highly integrated into sub-3 nm technology nodes, reduced contact widths and high current densities in the middle of the line (MOL) have a significant impact on the reliability of the device. This study proposes the possibility of realizing a high-performance contact metal by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process slurry engineering, regarding its surface chemistry.
As Cu interconnect metal line dimension is reduced at sub-3nm device technology, the contact area between W contact metal and Cu interconnects become deficient, which implies that adopting new material having smaller resistance than W is required for the device reliability. Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are promising materials as contact metals for 3nm and 2nm node technology, respectively, due to their advantages of the high electrical conductivity, excellent conformability, and low diffusivity to barrier material. For the implementation of such new materials, however, the possibility of semiconductor processing should be secured. Therefore, in this dissertation, the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process and its slurry design strategies of Co, and Mo are discussed.
At first, CMP slurry designs for new contact metals of Co have been investigated. The surface chemistry of Co metal is discussed in terms of its problem of the low removal rate and poor surface quality during/after CMP process. By controlling the composition and structure of the oxide layer formed on the Co surface during CMP, a high removal rate and smooth surface quality are obtained. Considering oxidants composed of the slurry, the oxidation state on the Co surface is investigated, which reveals that the oxidation state of Co(II) delivers a higher removal rate and better surface quality rather than Co(III) oxide. Moreover, the spinel structure of Co(II, III)3O4 induces hard and thick oxide layer compared with Co(II)O and Co(II)(OH)2. By controlling the oxidation state of the Co and crystallographic property of the Co oxide layer, the removal rate increased by 254%, and the root means square surface roughness decreased by 51% as the dissolution decreased.
Second, CMP slurry designs for Mo have been investigated. The limitation of the Mo metal is high dissolution during CMP process. The high dissolution deteriorates the surface planarity and consequently causes the decisive failure of the device. Considering catalytic-oxidation reaction, the modulation of the oxidation state of Mo film was achieved, resulting in dramatic suppression of the Mo dissolution. The dissolution behavior was studied according to the concentration of oxidizer and catalyst in CMP process. Furthermore, the thermodynamic free energies and dissolution kinetics in polymorphs of Mo oxide are validated using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The catalytic-oxidation strategy enables an enhanced removal rate from 780 to 1500 Å/min, even though the dissolution rate was minimized from 636 to 57 Å/min compared to the simple oxidation reaction.