Family farming or family farms used to be the core units of agricultural management and production. Natural resource preservation is ingrained in their production logic, positioning them as a key participant in assuring global food security. Nowadays,...
Family farming or family farms used to be the core units of agricultural management and production. Natural resource preservation is ingrained in their production logic, positioning them as a key participant in assuring global food security. Nowadays, family farms still exist extensively in the modern business world, not only in developing or underdeveloped countries, but also in developed nations. They are of great significance for rural development, new employment opportunities, and the sustainability of natural resources, as well as the sustainability of villages, cultural heritage and protection of rural communities.
However, the significance and demands of family farms are ignored. Public debates on agricultural business prefer to focus on the support of commercial farms or the growth of corporate agribusiness. Mainstream policies on agriculture and academia also appear to pay more attention to other agricultural entities, such as farmers' cooperatives, than to family-based farms. The future of family farms seems to be more difficult than ever. It is doubted whether family-based farms should or could survive when commercial agribusinesses grow and expand. There is a practical and urgent need to conduct more in-depth research to explore solutions to improve the operational performance of family farms and secure the survival of family farms.
A quantitative approach is adopted in the research to investigate the factors affecting the operational performance of family farms. From an empirical point of view, social capital is regarded as more powerful than human capital and physical inputs in determining the success of economic entities, especially in less competitive industries and economically underdeveloped regions. In the agricultural context, social capital is also expected to improve the operational performance of family farms. As a result, it was adopted as the independent variable in this research.
Regarding the factors that can affect operational performance, family farms are essentially in need of absorptive capacity because they have to complete the entire process of agricultural production, management, or even sales with a relatively limited labor force. In addition, since government support exists as an important factor in supporting agriculture worldwide, government support was also introduced as a mediating variable in the research.
Previous research has explored factors that would improve the operational performance of family farms from various angles. However, research focusing on the influence of social capital on the operational performance of family farms, through the mediating effects of absorptive capacity and government support, is still insufficient. As a result, a relevant conceptual model based on previous literature was established in this research.
The purpose of the research is to empirically explore the effects of social capital on the operational performance of family farms and the mediating effects of absorptive capacity and government support. It also aims to provide evidence for policy-makers to improve policies on family farms. In addition, the ultimate purpose is to present practical solutions for practitioners and stakeholders of family farms to improve their operational performance.
The subject of the research is the family farm in China. Due to China's regional and geographic diversity, a full-coverage survey over vast areas may result in the samples being excessively dispersed and not sufficiently representative. Therefore, the sample for this research was mainly drawn from Guangxi, which shares the same land diversity and typical characteristics of family farms.
The research data were collected by on-line questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS 22.0, AMOS 26.0 and STATA SEM Builder 16.0. Respondents independently filled out the questionnaire by scanning the QR code of the research questionnaire with their mobile phones via WeChat. There were 50 valid responses (100%) in the pretest and 729 (91.81%) valid responses obtained in the formal survey. The pretest was conducted mainly on reliability and validity analysis. In the formal survey, the analysis methods included descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis and mediating effects analysis.
The results of the research are summarized as follows:
First, the three dimensions of social capital (structural social capital, relational social capital, and cognitive social capital) have different impacts on the operational performance of family farms. Structural social capital and cognitive social capital had positive impacts, whereas relational social capital had a negative impact on the operational performance of the family farms.
Secondly, social capital was found to have positive (+) impacts on the family farms' absorptive capacity and government support respectively.
Thirdly, government support and absorptive capacity were found to have positive impacts on the operational performance of family farms.
Fourthly, it was found that absorptive capacity and government support had significant mediating effects between social capital and operational performance of family farms respectively.
Based on the analysis results, the policy recommendations of the research are presented as follows:
First, government support needs to be tailored to the interests and needs of family farms, rather than focusing on commercial farms or agricultural enterprises. Family farms, especially small family farms distributed in underdeveloped areas, are the basic units that employ a large number of family farmers. They are significantly needed to maintain the long-term sustainability of local rural communities, regional social benefits, national food security, and the agriculture industry.
Secondly, the government's efforts to expand the social network and knowledge absorptive capacity of family farms are necessary. The family farm has long been self-employed, but despite strong expectations for government support, farmers either do not fully understand the importance of social networks or have been confined to villages "like a frog in a well". It is necessary to expand their social networks by establishing local or online agricultural support stations for family farms. The network would allow practitioners and their practical or potential business partners to meet, cooperate, or exchange necessary information or knowledge.
Thirdly, due to the diversity of family farms and the complexity of their requirements, a single government-funded method might not be able to meet the actual needs of many family farms. In addition to financial support, the government needs to pay more attention to vocational training related to agriculture and to address the practical needs of family farms. In addition, sufficient consulting should be provided to gradually improve the operational performance of family farms. Furthermore, family farms in undeveloped areas with limited resources should be prioritized to ensure productivity and quality of life for these farmers.
Fourthly, the government needs to ensure the effectiveness of government support policies by improving laws or regulations on family farms. Although family farms constitute the largest number of agricultural business entities in China, there is currently no customized policy and support system for them.
Fifthly, the government needs to establish a rural social security system for family farmers. For example, the government could provide medical and pension insurance and other social welfare assistance to rural residents as soon as possible. In short, various types of support for the development of family farms are needed at the policy level.
In future studies, it needs to be further explored through interaction methods, decision-making processes, or case studies of family farms. In addition, there is also a need to expand future research on family farms by increasing the sample size or selecting samples from other regions or specific industries.