Jongmyo, the royal shrine where the deity of successive kings and queens are enshrined and held, symbolizes the authority and dignity of the country, and represents the legitimacy and historicity of the Joseon Dynasty. There are various ritual objects...
Jongmyo, the royal shrine where the deity of successive kings and queens are enshrined and held, symbolizes the authority and dignity of the country, and represents the legitimacy and historicity of the Joseon Dynasty. There are various ritual objects inside the shrine that enshrined the deity, and among them, Juryum is an important factor that shows the authority and dignity of the royal family by differentiating the royal space from the outside and separating the psychological and physical hierarchies. Therefore, this paper studies the production status of Juryum in Jongmyo Shrine, the craftsmen who made it and the manufacturing technique of the Juryum through National Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 114, Yeomjang.
Jongmyo Shrine is the place where the Jongmyo Jerye, a national ritual, was held, and the enshrined deity of successive kings and queens were enshrined to practice loyalty and filial piety and, as time passed, the number of deities to be worshiped increased so that the ancestral rooms of Jongmyo was enlarged and reconstructed to have 19 Jeongjeon and 16 Yeongnyeongjeon Halls. In 19 Jeongjeon and 16 Yeongnyeongjeon Halls, each shrine had a space for enshrines and rituals. The shrine was arranged one room for each king, and the deities of the great king and queen were enshrined in the innermost tabernacle. And, in the center of the shrine, there was a case for ancestral tablet and royal seal, bookcase for investiture book or royal order, wooden craftwork on which ancestral tablets could be leaned, and triple cotton. A sacrificial table was placed in the ritual space and a variety of utensils used in ancestral rites were placed on top of them, and a cover was placed inside a ritual door.
Among them, Juryum was used to distinguish the outside from the faithful. The BumyoDogam Uigwe in the late Joseon Dynasty records the type and material of Juryum, and the craftsmen who made it. Therefore, this study classifies the types of Juryum according to the BumyoDogam Uigwe and examines their characteristics and materials. As a result, the findings are summarized as follows. The purpose of this study was to understand the actual condition of the craftsmen for Juryum recorded in various Uigwe.
First, there are three types of Juryum hung on the Jongmyo Shrine. First, the outer Juryum, which is hung outside the doors of Jeongjeon or Yeongnyeongjeon, is the largest in scale and is made of bamboo, thread, cloth, cotton, and wood. The Gyeokryum is a Juryum installed on the left and right walls of the inside of the shrine to separate the space of the shrine and it is a smaller than the outer Juryum. The inner Juryum (Shinryum) is the smallest, installed in the shrine where the ancestral tablets are enshrined, and is made of bamboo, thread, cloth, cotton, and wood. It is the smallest in size as it is close to the ancestral tablets, but it has a delicate structure and is made of a variety of materials.
As such, the three common materials for the Jongmyo Juryum can be divided into bamboo, thread, fabric, wood, and cotton, and among them, the craftsmen who made the Juryum by weave a blind out of bamboo was called Juryum-Jang, and the existence of the craftsmen is recorded in 『Uigwe』.
In the late Joseon Dynasty, from the 17th century to the 20th century, the craftsmen who made Juryum was recorded in a total of 94 Uigwes, including the 『GaryeDogam』, the 『GukjangDogam』, the 『BumyoDogam』, and the 『ChaeryeDogam』. In the 17th century, Juryum-Jangs were brought from various regions, but gradually the regions were limited to Seoul and Goyang and total 281 people were brought, and the largest number of people, 90, were involved in 1 bang, repairing the Jongmyo Shrine. In the 18th century, 222 people were brought, and most of them were brought from the Goyang area, but in some cases, Juryum-Jang was involved as a government official, while belonged to the Sang-uiwon, a permanent government office. In the 18th century, as in the 17th century, the largest number of people, 74, were involved in 1 bang. In the 19th century, 124 people were brought, but there is no record of where they were from. In addition, there were craftsmen who had been involved in the work for more than 10 years in the previous period, but there was only one craftsman in this period, indicating that their status has changed. However, the number of involved craftsmen increased and, in the 20th century, total number of craftsmen was 46 and they worked only for 6 years and it shows that the number of involved craftsmen was larger in a shorter period.
As such, the craftsmen who made Juryum during the Joseon Dynasty disappeared as the country collapsed, and after liberation, they were designated as the National Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 114, Yeomjang. Unlike the Juryum-Jang of the Joseon Dynasty, Yeomjang was mainly of Seryum from private sectors and, in 2011, Juryum was restored while participating in the dismantling and repairing of Jongmyo Shinryum and Juryum. Among them, in the case of bamboo used for Gyeokryum, it was manufactured using a pin to maintain 5 mm, and 18 bamboo strips were produced at an interval of 10 cm. In the case of Shinryum, the thickness of the strip was 3mm and 25 bamboo strips were produced at an interval of 10cm. The pattern of the Juryum was produced as a hexagonal demon design, and up to 6 were woven in a straight line, spread from the 7th to the left and right, and joined again from the 10th to the bottom.
As such, this study examined the existence of Juryum and Juryum-Jang of Jongmyo Shrine in the Joseon Dynasty, focusing on the BumyoDogam Uigwe, and looked into the manufacturing technology of the Yeomjang, currently designated as National Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 114, and hopes ritual objects of Jongmyo Shrine to be reproduced and restored to their original state based on the active researches on the production status and craftsmen as Jongmyo Shrine has various wooden craftwork and cottons as well as Juryum.