Since taking power, the Kim Jong Un has declared "Dual Policy of Nuclear and Economic Development " as a national strategy and legislated the advancement of nuclear weapons, pushing ahead with four nuclear tests and dozens of ballistic missile tests s...
Since taking power, the Kim Jong Un has declared "Dual Policy of Nuclear and Economic Development " as a national strategy and legislated the advancement of nuclear weapons, pushing ahead with four nuclear tests and dozens of ballistic missile tests so far. Despite unprecedented pressure and isolation from the international community, including economic sanctions against North Korea, Kim Jong Un has stuck to it. This enhancement of nuclear and missile capabilities resulted in securing security measures for the regime, including lifting sanctions on North Korea, through negotiations with the United States. The Kim Jong Un regime declared the end of the “Dual Policy of Nuclear and Economic Development” amid the U.S.-North Korea negotiations and proposed a new national strategy called the socialist "All-Out Concentration on Economic Construction." This meant that what North Korea wanted to gain from denuclearization negotiations was the foundation for economic development. In fact, North Korea consistently demanded the lifting of economic sanctions on the North during the negotiation process. Given North Korea's willingness to negotiate shortly after the declaration of nuclear and missile capabilities and the completion of nuclear weapons, it can be inferred that the Kim Jong-un judged that upgrading its nuclear and missile capabilities could work in favor of North Korea in negotiations with the U.S. In response, this study analyzes nuclear strategies and U.S.-North Korea negotiations based on ‘Crisis Bargaining theory’, given that the Kim Jong-un's nuclear strategy was aimed at negotiating with the U.S.
The Kim Jong Un’s nuclear strategy can be defined as "enhancing the nuclear threat" strategy, showing off its strategic disclosure and display of nuclear warhead power, advanced and diversified ballistic missile systems, and strengthened nuclear power. As a result of analyzing thorough crisis bargaining theory, this behavior was intended to raise the need for negotiations, improve profit sharing, and expand bargaining power by demonstrating nuclear and missile capabilities and willingness to use them. If upgrading the nuclear threat was intended to strengthen negotiating power before negotiations, the strategy of strengthening negotiating power in the negotiation process was a 'Agenda Setting' strategy that focused the international community's attention and incurred audience costs. In fact, as results of an analysis of the number of North Korea's foreign contacts, North Korea showed the highest number of foreign contacts in 2018 and 2019, when the North Korea-U.S. negotiations were held, and highest number of bilateral talks with certain countries were held outside the U.N. General Assembly, Non-Aligned Movement(NAM), and ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF).
According to the crisis bargining theory, the nation's bargaining power is secured from satisfaction and durability with ‘Outcome Reversion’ which is the result of breakdown of negotiations. The Outcome Reversion of the nuclear strategy and the North Korea-U.S. negotiations is comprehensive economic sanctions, maximizing China economic dependence and damaging the ideology of independence. In order to improve this Outcome Reversion, North Korea attempted to evade and bypass sanctions and economic cooperation with Russia, but failed, which led to the U.S.-North Korea negotiations.
The U.S.-North Korea negotiations break down due to differences over the denuclearization process. When the U.S.-North Korea negotiations were modeled as a crisis bargaining model, the U.S.’s proposal which required dismantlement of Yongbyon nuclear facilities+, and North Korea’s proposal which required the lifting of sanctions on North Korea could not be agreed because theses weren’t within the scope of bargaining range. The U.S.'s Comprehensive Denuclearization (first denuclearization measures then lifting sanctions on North Korea) and North Korea's Step-by-Step Denuclearization (simultaneous lifting of sanctions on North Korea) were located within the unacceptable range of the two countries.
This means that the scope of bargaining range recognized by North Korea and that recognized by the U.S. did not match under the crisis negotiation model, and that North Korea has not delivered the reliability of the threat in its nuclear strategy. In other words, the Kim Jong-un overestimated the increase in its bargaining power and the increase in U.S. war costs due to its nuclear strategy.
Another cause of the breakdown is US domestic political factors. The fact that the resolution of the North Korean nuclear issue was carried out in conjunction with Trump's domestic political position meant that negotiation could be vulnerable to other U.S. domestic political variables. In fact, as North Korea pointed out and Trump acknowledged, political interest and capabilities were not concentrated in the negotiations due to worsening public opinion on Trump and impeachment investigations.
Differences in positions on denuclearization measures between the U.S. and North Korea stem from historically deep-rooted mutual distrust. In the case of the U.S., the lifting of sanctions on North Korea, which does not involve certain denuclearization measures, raises the possibility of North Korea returning to its nuclear program. In the case of North Korea, it is concerned that its security will be vulnerable if it agrees to preemptive denuclearization like Libya. According to an analysis of the scenario through game theory, it is reasonable for the U.S. to maintain sanctions against North Korea if North Korea has any chance of returning to nuclear development. And for North Korea, it is reasonable for not to give up its nuclear weapons program if the U.S. has any chance of maintaining sanctions. In other words, mutual distrust has contributed to the breakdown of negotiations by undermining confidence that the two countries' agreements will be implemented, maintained, and continued in the future.
Biden administration was launched after the negotiations broke down, Kim Jong Un seems to have decided to continue its nuclear strategy, recognizing that the U.S. underestimated its bargaining power. However, a nuclear threat enhancing strategy inevitably entails armed provocations and threats, which are limited in that it increases the likelihood of negotiations breaking down, making the U.S. preferring sanctions over negotiations and reducing the probablity of negotiations.
Taken together, it can identify the dilemma of the Kim Jong Un's nuclear strategy. North Korea's nuclear-powered provocations have raised the urgency of the North Korean nuclear issue, which is aimed at luring the U.S. into negotiations and lifting economic sanctions through negotiations. On the other hand, refraining from armed provocations also raises the possibility of a breakdown in negotiations and lowers the probability of negotiations. Expressing a conciliatory willingness to negotiate by refraining from armed provocations is an admission of the weakened durability of the sanctions against North Korea. This increases the possibility of a breakdown in the negotiations in that it will be thinner to achieve the desired negotiating point based on weakened negotiating power, and also lowering the probability of the negotiations itself by making the U.S. prefer sanctions to negotiations.
The fact that North Korea's aggressive and conciliatory expressions both reduce the possibility of resolving the North Korean nuclear issue through negotiations suggests that the South Korean government needs to play a leading role. In fact, in the face of North Korea-U.S. negtiations, the South Korean government proved that it is possible to serve as a mediator to convey and coordinate opinions between North Korea and the U.S. It is no doubt that the role of the Korean government was behind the initial negotiation between the two countries. As South Korea is the most directly involved actor of North Korea's nuclear issue, should urge the urgency of the North Korean nuclear issue and lead negotiations to resolve it.