Over excavation problem in tunnel construction in alternative highway road “North-South” on the pass “Kok-art” Kyrgyzstan Republic = “Kok-art” 키르기즈스탄 공화국 고속도로의 “북-남”대체도로 터널구축에 관한 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Kyrgyzstan Republic is a mountainous country and about 90 % of the territory covered by mountains. Kyrgyzstan government want to build more -auto and – railway road for increasing economics value, so as noticed that 90 % of Kyrgyzstan territory is mountains it is obviously that it is necessary to design and onstruct new tunnel.
This master thesis is dealing with tunneling over excavation problem, with minimizing over excavation for drilling and blasting operations in the construction of railway tunnels and the existing chances and problems especially occurring in the estimation of the number of holes and quantity of explosives during operations. Indeed, when carrying out blasting in tunnels, it is necessary to ensure maximum compliance with the actual cross-section development project. During normal blasting, when the charges. The explosives of all the holes in the face and the distances between them are the same, deviations of the obtained output circuit from object with the formation of so-called brute force. Brute force distorts the shape of the output, increase the volume of work on the work of the rock and its removal from the bottom, lead to an increase in concrete consumption (up to 50–80%) due to the need to fill the voids beyond the design output circuit. In addition, during normal blasting, a strong seismic effect of the explosion on the rock mass around the tunnel is manifested, which leads to a violation of its continuity and the occurrence of many cracks.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

키르기스스탄 공화국은 산악 국가이며 영토의 약 90%가 산으로 덮여 있다. 키르기스스탄 정부는 경제적 가치를 높이기 위해 더 많은 자동차와 철도를 건설하자 한다. 따라서 키르기스스탄 영토의 90%가 산이라는 사실은 분명히 새로운 터널을 설계하고 건설할 필요가 있다.
본 논문은 철도터널 건설에서의 시추 및 발파 작업을 위한 굴착과 운영 중 특히 구멍 수 및 폭발물 수량 추정에서 발생하는 기존의 기회와 문제를 최소화하여 굴착 문제를 연구하였다. 실제로 터널에서 발파 작업을 수행할 때는 실제 단면의 크기를 최대한 확보하여야 한다. 정상 블라스팅 중에 충전할 때 얼굴의 모든 구멍과 그 사이의 거리는 동일하며, 소위 무차별적인 힘의 형성과 함께 물체로부터 얻어진 발파 압력의 편차가 동일하다. 여굴의 발생은 단면의 형태를 왜곡하고, 암석의 작업량과 바닥으로부터의 제거 작업에 대한 작업량을 증가시키며, 설계 단면 이외의 공백을 메워야 하기 때문에 콘크리트 소비
량(50~80%)을 증가시키게 된다. 또한, 정상 발파시 터널 주변의 암석 덩어리에 대한 강한 지진 효과가 나타나며, 이로 인해 암석 덩어리의 연속성과 많은 균열이 발생한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• List of Tables ii
• List of Figures iii
• Chapter 1. Introduction 1
• 1.1. Background 1
• 1.2. Aim and objectives 1
• 1.3. Geology 1
• Chapter 2. Literature Review 3
• 2.1 Tunneling methods 3
• 2.1.1 Cut and cover tunneling method 3
• 2.1.2 Drilling and blasting method 4
• 2.1.3 Tunnel Boring Machine 6
• 2.1.4 New Austrian Tunneling Method 7
• 2.2 Blasting Operation 9
• 2.2.1 Materials using for blasting operations 10
• 2.2.2 Classification of Explosion 11
• 2.2.3 Property of explosives 12
• 2.2.4 Rock blasting explosives system in tunneling 15
• 2.2.5 Electronical detonator 16
• 2.2.6 Non-electronical detonator 17
• 2.2.7 Electronic detonator 17
• 2.3 Mechanism of Rock breakage 18
• 2.3.1 The structure of mechanism of rock breakage 19
• 2.3.2 Radial fracturing 19
• 2.3.3 Reflection Breakage or spalling 20
• 2.3.4 Gas extension fractures 20
• 2.3.5 Summary of the breakage mechanism 22
• 2.4 Basic Blasting Design 22
• 2.4.1 Hole depth 22
• 2.4.2 Number of holes 22
• 2.4.3 Cut types 23
• 2.4.4 Parallel cut 23
• 2.4.5 V cut type 24
• Chapter 3 General Design face of “Kok-Art” tunnel in Kyrgyzstan 26
• 3.1 General information of tunnels in “Kok-Art” highway road 26
• 3.1.1 Technical characteristic of cross-section 29
• 3.1.2 Work organization order 35
• 3.1.3 Tunnel stability analysis 39
• 3.1.4 Support stability 39
• 3.2 Geological data of “Kok-Art” tunnel in Kyrgyzstan 40
• 3.2.1 Geological structure in section 1 40
• 3.2.2 Geological structure in section 2 and 3 40
• 3.2.3 Graphics of “Kok-Art” tunnel in section 2-3 41
• 3.3 Calculation of design pattern 42
• 3.3.1 Calculation of the first square 43
• 3.3.2 Calculation of the second square 45
• 3.3.3 Calculation of the third square 45
• 3.3.4 Calculation of the floor hole 46
• 3.3.5 Calculation of the stopping hole 47
• 3.3.6 Calculation of the contour hole 47
• 3.3.7 Calculation amount of charge by House 48
• Chapter 4 Summary and Conclusion 49
• 4.1 Recommendation for further study 49
• References 50