This study analyzes how surveillance and punishment work as social control mechanisms within the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (also known as North Korea) to suppress the political expression of its people. North Korea’s state sanctioned a...
This study analyzes how surveillance and punishment work as social control mechanisms within the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (also known as North Korea) to suppress the political expression of its people. North Korea’s state sanctioned and imposed isolation, in addition to its ongoing hostilities with the South, greatly limits the ability to conduct field research or obtain materials needed to complete a comprehensive study. This study is therefore literature-based in its analysis, while integrating twelve in-depth defector interviews as supplementary evidentiary support.
The study elucidates upon North Korea’s socio-political structure and its regime’s ruling characteristics through examining the guiding Juche ideology of the state. The literature used in this analysis is as follows: Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), George Orwell’s 1984 (1949), and Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). This study argues that as a totalitarian dictatorship, North Korea forces individuals to sacrifice themselves to strengthen the dictatorship of its supreme leader. In the name of national stability, national control agencies - such as the secret police which act under the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Social Security - enforce strict control through constant surveillance, identifying risk factors, and punishing individuals in the name of the regime, often in an arbitrary manner. Fundamental freedoms enshrined in international human rights charters are violated by state-sponsored authorities who act with absolute power. This is reflective of the panopticon-structured surveillance state theorized by Foucault, the fear-based system of Oceania described by Orwell, and the totalitarian state explained by Ardent.
North Korea does not have adequate socio-political or legal channels through which freedom of expression can be protected and permitted. The country’s legal system exists in name only; it is common for investigations, legal trials, and court rulings to be under the command of non-judicial bodies or by law enforcement agencies that carry out arbitrary judgments rather than abide by fair and impartial enforcement under the law. The system is rooted in unique norms which exist outside of the law, such as the “Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System,” and the “Charter of the Workers’ Party of Korea.” In this sense, limited political expression in North Korea is not an issue of a legal void, but a result of intentional restrictions that exist as part of the regime’s policy.
To this end, this study argues that North Korea’s panopticon-based surveillance system is one which operates solely to inhibit political expression. Surveillance agents, like the secret police, ingratiate themselves into all parts of society. Their structure is one based on using the least amount of resources possible, but with maximum efficiency in terms of control. It is a firmly rooted system because it maintains regime control.
Like its surveillance system, North Korea’s system of punishment plays a key role as a means to restrict political expression. The country’s criminal justice system, which serves as the legal basis for punishment, has been cited for its excessive force, ambiguity, and overall gross injustices. In tandem, surveillance and punishment fuels reluctancy for people to express their political opinions. In North Korea, the operations of the secret police and the existence of a developed prison camp system lie at the core of its penal system. Pervasive fear of punishment, beatings, torture, and other forms of inhumane treatment are mainstays of the process of punishment in North Korea.
All of this supports the regime’s survival, who, in turn, sees the dual workings of surveillance and punishment as an irreplaceable social control mechanism. A one-party and one-man dictatorship has, thus far, survived over seven decades because the state’s surveillance and penal system are effective at near-total suppression of political expression. If the human rights situation is to be improved in North Korea in a systematic and sustainable way, these two social control mechanisms must be dismantled.