The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the Yeombul-dang (architecture facility for buddhānusmrti practice), which was operated in many temples across the country from the 19th to the early 20th century, by focusing on its r...
The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the Yeombul-dang (architecture facility for buddhānusmrti practice), which was operated in many temples across the country from the 19th to the early 20th century, by focusing on its relationship with Yeombul-gye (buddhānusmrti-society). The Yeombul-gye was a temple-society, which was a cooperation of monks to collect dues and manage funds. In the latter Joseon Dynasty, Yeombul-gye emerged as a result of efforts to recover from harsh economic conditions and prevalence of buddhānusmrti-practice at the time. For the activities of Yeombul-gye, an architectural facility was required; thereby, many temples had to build a Yeombul-dang. Yeombul-dang is a building that reflects the characteristics of Yeombul-gye. Therefore, to understand the Yeombul-dang, it is crucial to focus on the relationship between Yeombul-dang and Yeombul-gye.
This study approaches Yeombul-dang as ‘the architectural space used for Yeombul-gye’ by analyzing the relationship between Yeombul-gye and Yeombul-dang by reviewing historical records and documentary works of literature and comparing the characteristics of the physically secured Yeombul-dang with the buildings of Buddhist temples in the late Joseon Dynasty.
Firstly, this study reviews the religious and social backgrounds of the Buddhist community during the late Joseon Dynasty. Buddhānusmrti is a Pure Land Buddhism practice, in which the Buddhist believes that by reciting the name of Amita Buddha, they would be born in the land of Amita after their death. The prevalence of the practice in the late Joseon Dynasty can be seen through the nationwide establishment of the Yeombul-gye. The Yeombul-gye became popular across the country after the success of the ‘Manilhoe (buddhānusmrti-society enduring for 10,000 days)’ of Geonbongsa Temple in 1801. A total of 47 cases of Yeombul-Gye in 32 temples were found during the 19th ~ early 20th century.
In the 19th century, Yeombul-dang emerged as an independent building as the Yeombul-gye flourished. The name ‘Yeombul-dang’ is not found in the pre-19th century records. The first record of Yeombul-dang can be found in the case of Geonbongsa Temple, where the Yeombul-dang was called ‘Manil-won’. ‘Yeombul-dang’ is the name of the pavilion and at the same time refers to the function of building for religious performance. Throughout the 19th century, Yeombul-dang was considered as a must-have building in the temple.
Yeombul-dang was a place for religious ceremonies and was operated to maintain a stable temple economy. The space for religious practice at the temple was required according to the type of practices favored by Buddhism of the time. In the latter Joseon Dynasty, the buddhānusmrti practice was preferred; thereby, the architectural facility for buddhānusmrti was required. In addition to its religious purposes, Yeombul-dang was largely aimed at securing economic support for the maintenance and operation of the temple. At that time, several temple-society was established and funds were collected to reconstruct buildings. it was especially necessary to construct Yeombul-dang. The temple’s establishment of a Yeombul-dang was symbolic, suggesting that the temple was actively operating even under harsh economic and social circumstances at the time.
For temples to acquire Yeombul-dang, Each temple either newly constructed a building or adaptively reused the existing one. The examples of the newly constructed Yumbul-dang are found in Geonbongsa Temple, Singyesa Temple, Pyochungsa Temple, Daeseungsa Temple, and Yumasa Temple. The examples of the adaptively reused buildings are found it Songgwangsa Temple, Heungguksa Temple, Wunmunsa Temple, Beomgosa Temple, Haeinsa Temple, and Bokwangsa Temple.
The newly-emerged independent Yumbul-dang had to be introduced to the already-formed layout of the temple. Therefore, Yeombul-dang appeared in various places according to the composition of the temple at that time, rather than at a specific location. Many Yeombul-dang forms the central area with the main worshiping Hall. The cases of Yeombul-dang located away from the central temple site are also found. In these cases, they are constructed with the pagodas or pavilions that are subject to the worship. Yeombul-dang is either found to coexist with the Yosa or found as a multi-purpose building complex. The multi-complex Yeombul-dang appears in the form of a ㅁ-shaped, 工-shaped, ㄱ-shaped, T-shaped, the forms that are suitable for utilizing various spaces.
Although once popular nationwide, Yeombul-dang is hard to find in the temples present day. Because of the revival of Zen-Buddhism in the modern era and the Temple-Act during the Japanese colonial period, the Yeombul-gye had disappeared. The decline of Yeombul-gye had reduced the demand for Yeombul-dang as well. Based on the characteristics of Yeombul-dang drawn in this research, the pavilions believed to have once been Yeombul-dang were examined. In conclusion, this research suggests the possibility that Yeombul-dang is likely to be used for other names and purposes.