조선후기 삼성각의 형성과정과 봉안불화 = A study on the formation process of late Joseon period Samseonggak shrine and in the buddhist paintings

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Samseonggak Shrine(三聖閣), which is a Shrine with Sanshin(山神) and Dokseong(獨聖) enshrined on the left and right around the center of Chilseong(七星), and most of them are placed with three rooms on the front and one on the outside of the temple. It is rare that there is no Samseonggak Shrine among temples nationwide, and in temples without Samseonggak Shrine, the Chilseonggak Shrine(七星閣), Sanshin Shrine(山神閣), and Dokseong Shrine(獨聖閣) would sometimes take over the role of Samseonggak Shrine. In addition, as Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong, which are enshrined in Samseonggak Shrine, have long had independent systems as individual faiths, in some places there are more than one individual Shrine. Although it is not sure when it started, these three faiths began to be enshrined in one Shrine called Samseonggak Shrine.
There has been little research on whether it is because SamseonggakShrine is not a central temple. On the other hand, studies on Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong enshrined in Samseonggak Shrine have been actively conducted. As to when and why Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong were enclosed in one Shrine, this study examined the formation process of Samseonggak Shrine by examining the faith of each esteemed iconographies and the characteristics of Buddha painting in Samseonggak Shrine.
In terms of existing Chilseong paintings(七星圖), Sanshin paintings (山神圖), and Dokseong paintings(獨聖圖), there have been many of them built since the 19th century, and Chilseonggak Shrine, Sanshin Shrine, Dokseong Shrine, and Samseonggak Shrine were also built since the 19th century. At this time, the reason that the production of Buddha paintings enshrined in Samseonggak Shrine and Samseonggak Shrine was popular was thought to be that the Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong faiths associated with the individual Su‐bok (壽福;
longevity and good fortune) were popular as the current world fortune seeking (現世求福的) faith prevailed such as longevity(壽命), cure(治病), and fecundity(祈子), etc. after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636(兩難). The fact that the famous Buddha painting painters participated in the production of Buddha paintings enshrined in Samseonggak Shrine, and the fact that originators also varied from ordinary people to court ladies(尙宮), royal family, the noblemen fully demonstrate this trend.
Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong were independent individual faiths, but they are all in common with a fortune praying faith (祈福 信仰). As seen from Unsuam temple at Anseong, Bohyeonsa temple, Wontong‐hall of Hwaeomsa temple at Gurye, Yeongguksa temple at Yeongdong, and Baekunam temple at Iksan, etc., there are cases that are sometimes produced and enshrined simultaneously by the same Buddha painting painters. This suggests that faith in Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong together was common at the time. There were a large number of Samseonggak Shrine, Chilseonggak Shrine, Sanshin Shrine, and Dokseong Shrine throughout the country, and inside are Chilseong painting, Sanshin painting, and Dokseong painting enshrine together.
As Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong are representative fortune praying faiths associated with Bok(福; good fortune), Rok(祿; wealth), and Su(壽; longevity), Since Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong were the representative fortune praying faith related to Bok (good fortune), Rok (rich), and Su (longevity), they would need to be enshrined in one space, and thus, it is estimated that a new Shrine called Samseonggak Shrine would emerge. Therefore, Samseonggak Shrine is a representative fortune praying (祈福) Shrine for fortune praying faiths that pray for personal blessings like Chilseong, Sanshin, and Dokseong.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

삼성각은 중앙에 칠성을 중심으로 좌우에 산신과 독성을 봉안한 전각 으로, 대부분 정면 3칸 측면 1칸의 규모이며, 사찰의 외각에 위치한다.
전국 사찰 가운데 삼성각이 없는 곳은 드물며, 삼성각이 없는 사찰에서는 칠성각‧산신각·독성각이 삼성각의 역할을 대신하기도 한다. 또 삼성 각에 봉안된 칠성‧산신‧독성은 오래전부터 각각 개별적인 신앙으로서 독립된 체계를 갖고 있기 때문에 개별 전각이 두 개 이상 존재하는 곳도 있다. 언제부터인지는 확실치 않지만 이 세 신앙은 삼성각이라는 하나의 전각에 봉안되기 시작했다.
삼성각은 중심 불전이 아니기 때문인지 기존의 연구는 미진한 편이다.
반면 삼성각에 봉안된 칠성·산신·독성에 대한 연구는 활발하게 이루어졌 다. 본 논문에서는 칠성‧산신‧독성이 언제부터, 어떤 이유로 하나의 전각에 봉안되었는지에 대하여 삼성각에 봉안된 각 존상들의 신앙 전개와 불화의 특징을 검토하여 삼성각의 형성과정에 대해 살펴보았다.
현존하는 칠성도·산신도·독성도는 19세기 이후 제작된 것이 많으며, 칠성각‧산신각‧독성각‧삼성각 역시 19세기 이후 건립된 곳이 많다. 이 시기에 삼성각과 삼성각 내 봉안하는 불화의 제작이 성행한 것은 양란(兩 亂) 이후 현세구복적(現世求福的)인 신앙이 유행하면서 수명(壽命)과 치병(治病), 기자(祈子) 등 개인의 수복(壽福)과 관련된 칠성·산신·독성신앙이 유행했기 때문이라고 생각된다. 삼성각 봉안 불화의 제작에 당대 유명했던 불화사들이 참여했던 점, 발원자 또한 일반인에서부터 상궁·왕실의 일원·양반 등에 이르기까지 다양했다는 점도 이러한 경향을 잘 보여준다.
칠성‧산신‧독성은 독립된 개별 신앙이었지만, 기복신앙(祈福信仰)이라는 공통점을 갖고 있어, 안성 운수암, 보현사, 구례 화엄사 원통전, 영동영국사, 익산 백운암 등의 예에서 보듯이 같은 불화사에 의해 동시에 제작‧봉안된 경우가 있다. 이것은 칠성‧산신‧독성을 함께 신앙하는 것이
당시 일반적으로 이루어지고 있었다는 것을 짐작하게 해준다. 전국에 걸쳐 많은 수 의 삼성각과 칠성각‧산신각‧독성각이 있으며, 그 안에는 칠성도·산신도·독성도가 함께 봉안되어 있다.
칠성·산신·독성은 복(福)‧록(祿)‧수(壽)와 관련된 대표적인 기복신앙 이었기 때문에 한 공간에 봉안할 필요가 있었을 것이고, 이에 따라 삼성 각이라는 새로운 전각이 출현하게 되었을 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 삼성 각은 칠성·산신·독성 등 개인의 추복을 기원하는 기복신앙을 위한 대표 적인 기복(祈福) 전각이라 할 수 있다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 ········································································· 1
• Ⅱ. 조선시대 삼성각의 형성배경 ································· 3
• Ⅲ. 조선후기 삼성각의 성립과 분포현황 ···················· 23
• 1. 삼성각의 성립 ··································································· 23
• 2. 삼성각의 분포현황 ··························································· 35
• 1) 서울·경기지역 ······························································· 35
• 2) 호서지역 ········································································· 40
• 3) 호남지역 ········································································· 42
• 4) 영남지역 ········································································· 44
• 5). 강원지역 ········································································ 47
• Ⅳ. 삼성각 봉안 불화와 조성화원 및 발원자 ··········· 50
• 1. 삼성각봉안 불화의 종류 ················································· 50
• 1) 칠성도 ··········································································· 50
• 2) 산신도 ··········································································· 54
• 3) 독성도 ··········································································· 57
• 2. 조성화원 ············································································· 73
• 3. 발원자 ················································································· 88
• 1) 왕실 ················································································· 88
• 2) 상궁 ················································································· 91
• 3) 관인 ················································································· 93
• 4) 승려 ················································································· 99
• Ⅴ. 조선후기 삼성각 및 봉안 불화의 특징과 의의 ··· 102
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 ····································································· 114