THE APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES IN DOMESTIC COURTS
This dissertation studies the domestic implementation of international human rights law, focused on the judicial application of human rights treaties. It begins with the development of hum...
THE APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES IN DOMESTIC COURTS
This dissertation studies the domestic implementation of international human rights law, focused on the judicial application of human rights treaties. It begins with the development of human rights treaties and deals with the relationship between municipal law and international law. The non-self-executing effect of treaties will be criticised from the perspective of the constitution. Examples of how human rights treaties are accepted in other countries such as the U.S., Japan, Canada, and the U.K. will be examined. Major human rights like the right to life, self-determination, freedom of expression etc. will be explored in light of relevant human rights treaties. Korean courts’ attitude and perspective toward human rights treaties in their rulings will be revealed and analysed, featuring main characteristics of court decisions. Suggestions for feasible judicial remedies in Korea will be made.
More in detail, the dissertation starts with international guarantee of human rights and development of human rights treaties. Human rights have been respected and protected through the making of treaties under the auspices of the United Nations. The coverage of treaties have been expanded over the decades more specifically to the protection of the socially weak and minority. Human rights as general principles of law have been entrenched in the constitution. International organizations have been established to take responsibility for the monitoring and supervision of human rights treaties. Within the confines of a state the national human rights commission and other relevant bodies have been set up to protect human rights. Human rights treaties have committees in place to monitor the observance of the treaties and advice the state to comply with the provisions of treaties through the system of state reporting, individual communication, general comment, and inquiries.
Based upon general, historical development of human rights, it addresses the relations between international law and municipal law, treaty-making and domestic enactment, and self-execution and direct applicability of human rights treaties. Opinions are divergent on the relations between international law and municipal law. Theory and practice of states will be looked into. Depending upon the practice and theory, the acceptance of treaties varies. Courts have been shown to be hesitant and inactive in invoking treaties on ground of judicial restraint, separation of power, act of state, and sovereign immunity. Main reason of courts’ reluctance to invoke human rights treaties seems to be attributable to the theory of non-self-execution of treaties, which originates in the precedents of U.S. courts. This non-self-executing effect of treaties is criticised in view of the provisions of the constitution.
The dissertation further gives account of major human rights and the application of foreign domestic courts and regional courts of human rights. Rights such as self-determination, the right to life, prohibition of torture, freedom of expression, and other basic rights are elaborated in light of relevant human rights treaties. The application of human rights treaties by courts in the U.S., the U.K., Japan, and Canada reveals that courts have been cautious and reluctant in applying human rights treaties. Some of lower court decisions have taken unconventional, forward-looking approach to treaties, applying them directly. The attitude and view of regional human rights organizations and courts in Europe, Africa, and the Americas have been distinctly different from domestic courts.
The dissertation studies judicial application of human rights treaties in Korea. Korea acceded to the ICCPR and the ICESCR in 1990 as a result of democratization. Korea’s accession to seven major human rights treaties is symbolic of its development of democracy and respect for human rights. The ICCPR, among human rights treaties, has been the most frequently referred to in decisions of courts, though their effects are sometime dubious. The advice and comment of Human Rights Committees have been disregarded by Korean courts, with regard to the freedom of expression in the national security act, conscientious objection to military service and death penalty. The opinions of courts have been split and are likely to change in the future. It was evidenced in the decision of the Constitutional Court in 2018, ordering the government to make amendment to the military service act so that conscientious objectors could make the choice of alternative service. Invocation of human rights treaties has been expanded to more specific protection of the socially weak and minority. Lower courts have been occasionally active in referring to human rights treaties directly. The formation and activities of the international human rights research society under the Supreme Court have drawn attention in more active invocation of human rights treaties. In light of the limitation to judicial application of human rights treaties, some possible solutions are suggested.
The accession to and acceptance of human rights treaties, which are an external expression of a commitment to performance of them, prepares a state to align municipal law with the treaties in the way of amending relevant acts or enacting new laws. Especially, domestic legislation to implement human rights treaties is recommended, to make sure their direct application by courts. Legal axiom ‘pacta sunt servanda’ is emphasized in the international society, which is composed of states with sovereignty. The enforcement of treaties is at the mercy of the state. Judicial acceptance of human rights treaties as the final method of dispute settlement typifies the degree of their domestic implementation.
It can be deduced that as international human rights law is recognized as a judicial norm by the court which is considered the final bulwark for the protection and guarantee of human rights, the extent of the protection of human rights would be decided. The constitutions of most states explicitly manifest to treaties the same status as municipal law. In the process of a treaty having domestic effect through its domestic implementation, the most significant aspect is for a treaty to be invoked and applied as a norm in the court proceeding. If the treaty is not practically applied in the court proceedings as the judicial norm, even after the accession to the treaty, the significance of accession might be reduced. The human rights treaties are ultimately concerned with the protection of human rights of individuals.
The role of courts as the final bulwark of human rights cannot be underrated. In the implementation of human rights treaties, the approach of courts to the interpretation of treaties and the structural aspect of courts need to be considered. The low degree of understanding and familiarity of judges about international law is at issue, as the main function of judges are focused upon the interpretation and application of municipal law. Judges are also known to have perspectives about international law different from municipal law. Judges are influenced by the diverse political social environment and are also restricted by the structure of the judicial organization.
In court proceedings, the requirement of appeal to higher court is limited to the issue concerning municipal law at present. If human rights treaties are included in the requirement of appeal through the amendment of relevant municipal law, the extent of protection could be further extended.
It needs to be borne in mind that because of administrative structure of the court there are currently limits to the pioneering role for the judge to play for the protection of human rights of victims or defendants in accordance with international human rights law. In principle, the judge carries out the tasks of making judgments in pursuance of laws and conscience in an independent manner. In reality, the existing dominant viewpoint about human rights treaties influences and induces them to follow in the footstep of precedents and thus makes it difficult to play a pioneering role in the protection of human rights of defendants or victims.
In conclusion, the hurdles to the protection of human rights need to be sorted out legally and administratively. The direct application of human rights treaties as judicial norm especially through the legislation of their domestic implementing acts, legislation and amendment of municipal law relevant to the restriction of human rights, and raising of awareness about human rights through education and publicity are to be advocated and reiterated.