This study aims to shed new light on life of the Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan (1918~1994), in the late spring, in order to seek the peaceful unification movement direction of the Korean Protestantism. The Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan, famous as a translator for the...
This study aims to shed new light on life of the Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan (1918~1994), in the late spring, in order to seek the peaceful unification movement direction of the Korean Protestantism. The Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan, famous as a translator for the Old Testament, was dedicated to the democratization of Korea and the unification of the Korean peninsula throughout the 1970s and 1980s. However, the existing studies on Moon Ik-Hwan divided him into a theologian and a social activist, and they had the limitation of treating him before the 1970s and after the 1970s respectively as if the two of them were different.
Accordingly, this study covers the entire life of Moon Ik-Hwan, and tries to deal with all the internal and external factors that influenced his thought dialectically. It tries to analyze the factors that influenced his thought, such as ① the situation of the time called Japanese colonial era in his childhood, ② nationalistic Christian learning, ③ the attachment and expertise for Hangeul (Korean), ④ bible study from progressive theology, ⑤ the division system and appearance of dictatorship, and ⑥ usual division-violence, etc. in a complex way.
The Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan was born in a village of Myeong-dong, North Gando in 1918 when it was Japanese colonial era as the oldest son between the Reverend Moon Jaerin and the deaconess Kim Sinmuk. Moon had been thoroughly educated ‘Christianity for the people’ not only from the family but also from the school. However, there was a serious conflict between the nationalists and the socialists on the North Gando, and in the process, Moon and his family also experienced violence from the socialists. It was the moment when ‘anti-communism’ remained strong in Moon.
Moon built the foundation of theology at the Japanese seminary and the Korean seminary. In particular, he was able to learn theology under the Reverend Kim Jaejoon, the vast sky, and naturally come across the idea of ‘liberal theology’ pursued by Kim Jaejoon. As a result, Moon was able to access the Bible from a critical point of view, and he became an expert on the Old Testament study that succeeded Kim Jaejoon and concentrated on studying the prophet. In particular, he felt the need to re-translate the Bible, which had been translated into difficult terms at the time, in a modern language and distribute it to the public. Actually Moon was appointed as the chairman of the common translation committee of the New and Old Testaments in Korean bible society since 1968 and was able to start translating the Old Testament in earnest. And in the process of translation, Moon was able to redefine the Hebrew, the prophet, the Yahweh, etc. in his own way.
According to Moon, Hebrew was not a word referring to a certain race that resided in the Palestinian region, as a synonym of Habiru or Apiru, it was the ‘low class’ itself, referring to slaves, burglars, war mercenaries, etc. In addition, Yahweh also was ‘the God of the people’ who was with the suffering people. And the person who was chosen and called by Yahweh, was a prophet. According to the explanation by Moon, the prophet’s Hebrew word ‘nábi᾿’ was ‘the one who was called’ and was not a person engaged in language-related work, but a person who showed ‘behavior of resistance’.
At the same time, Moon rode on ‘ecumenical’ theological line which was spread worldwide under the leadership of the World Council of Churches(WCC), which was founded in 1948. Moon Ik-Hwan also began pursuing ‘our own theology’ based on the ecumenical spirit that focused on the problems of ‘Now’ and ‘Here’. Meanwhile, Moon Ik-Hwan, who witnessed the 7·4 North-South Joint Statement in 1972, presented the ‘theology of the North-South Unification’ as a specific direction of our own theology. In addition, Moon Ik-Hwan, who witnessed the incident of Inhyeokdang(People’s Revolutionary Party) and the death of Chang Jun Ha in turn as from the death of Jeon Tae-il, began to pay attention to the Korean people in the 1970s, who repressed and suffered from the Yushin regime under the division system.
Moon decided to live a life of prophet alongside the people according to the interest of God, and started to stick by the Cheong-Gye union from November 1970. Furthermore, through the March 1 Democracy save-the-nation proclamation in 1976, Moon began full-scale participation in the anti-power movement by demanding the Park Chung-hee government ① to establish democracy, ② to end the economical irrationality of the gap between the rich and the poor, and ③ to orient the unification of North and South. However, the color of nationalism that Moon had at the time was ‘anti-Communist nationalism’, which concerned that South Korea would be unified under communism.
Meanwhile, the discussion of the order and correlation of democratization and unification continued intensely among the anti-power movement activists in the 1970s. In this regard, Moon presented ‘democratization-reunification parallelism’, making it clear that the democratization and reunification were not the relationship of order, but rather to progress simultaneously. It was the logic that the regimes of the North and South were strengthening each dictatorship by using the division system and they were also strengthening the suppression of the people, so it was necessary to build a de-division with the democratization movement.
The May 18 Gwangju democratization movement in 1980 gave Moon a lot of meaning. First of all, he realized that democracy was not guaranteed from the top, but should be won from the bottom through struggle. The ‘spirit of independence’ was inserted in the democratization-reunification parallelism. Moon Ik-Hwan began to insist that the people should actively promote unification movement and theory of free unification since it was difficult to expect the unification by government. In addition, the Reverend Moon Ik-Hwan realized that the 1979 coup of the New military and military activities in Gwangju in 1980 were not irrelevant to the United States, and begun to insist that the unification of the Korean Peninsula should go to ‘the neutral line’ for peace on the Korean Peninsula and the world.
Moon Ik-Hwan specifically proposed a "federal system" as a way of unification. His unification plan based on a federal system consisted of three stages: Stage 1 was argued by former President Kim Dae-jung. The core of Stage 1 was the recovery of national homogeneity through exchanges between North and South Korea in the areas of culture, journalism, tourism, and sports while they exercise their respective military and diplomatic rights independently. It is the same as the "confederation system" proposed by South Korea and the "low-level federation system" accepted by Kim Il-sung of North Korea.
In Moon's federal system, Stage 2 concerned an argument by Kim Il-sung. It involved the integration of both military and diplomatic rights between two Koreas. In this stage, North and South Korea would maintain their respective social and economic systems and run two different local government systems. The final stage of his federal system was the "federal system for eight provinces," which would replace the old local government system between North and South Korea with a new one among eight provinces around the peninsula.
Moon Ik-Hwan, who witnessed the university students’ unification movement was blocked by the government in 1988, visited directly to North Korea and had talks with Kim Il Sung in March 1989. He intended to come back to South Korea after reaching an agreement on the neutral line of the Korean Peninsula and a gradual federal system and announcing the 4·2 Joint Statement, but eventually, Moon was indicted for violating the National Security Law. And he is still remembered as a "communist pastor" by many people, but it is nothing but an image fabricated by the government.
However, from the fact that the contents of the Inter-Korean Basic Agreement of the Roh Tae-woo government in 1991 and the 6·15 North-South Joint Declaration of Kim Dae-jung government in 2000 are largely similar to the unification theory and 4·2 Joint Statement of Moon Ik-Hwan, it can be appreciated that his unification movement had a great influence on the unification and peace of the Korean Peninsula.
Before the mid-1970s, Moon pursued a unification theory, which was anti-communism and system-oriented, but he gradually sought ‘unification as a process’ and ‘people-oriented unification’ clearly from the 1980s to the 1990s. Moon Ik-Hwan tried to release the oppression of the people in the division system through democratization movement and unification movement. Moon Ik-Hwan’s movement for democracy and unification was based on his prophetic belief.