EU foreign policy towards DPRK regarding the nuclear crisis : impact and limitations

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis examines the foreign policy of the European Union within the case of North Korea. After dealing with the fundamental concepts and theories that will support the framework of our analysis we draw a historical background of the EU-DPRK relations from the KEDO period to the post-Lisbon Treaty contemporary era. In our analytical argumentation, we attempt in a first part to determine the reasons for EU’s diplomatic engagement towards the DPRK through the lens of institutionalist theory and by considering the rise of a new world order after the fall of the USSR. In a second part we start discussing how impactful has been the European Union’s foreign policy towards the DPRK regarding the negotiation for denuclearization and then what are its limits. Through our understanding of the history of EU-DPRK relations we can say that there are more limits than impacts. However, we also discuss how the EU’s recent governance paradigm transformation might narrow Hill’s capability-expectation gap and allow effective collective action for more impactful DPRK-related policy in the future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction 1
• 2. Theoretical Framework 6
• 2.1. Foreign Policy and the EU: a new approach is necessary 6
• 2.1.1. Limits of Realism 6
• 2.1.2. European Institutionalism: a more adapted theory 6
• 2.2. Collective action and EUs actorness after the Lisbon Treaty 8
• 2.2.1. The use of market power for international actorness 8
• 2.2.2. Shared competence, Capability-expectation gap and Collective action issues 9
• 2.3. 2016 EUGS, Resilience and the Pragmatist turn 11
• 2.3.1. European Resilience 11
• 2.3.2. Principled Pragmatism 13
• 2.3.2.1. The EU and Non-Traditional Conflicts 14
• 2.3.2.2. Three pragmatist priorities for the EUGS 15
• 3. Review of Research 19
• 3.1. Methodology 19
• 3.1.1. Reason for qualitative approach 19
• 3.1.2. Limits of qualitative research 19
• 3.1.3. Data collection 19
• 3.1.3.1. Primary sources 19
• 3.1.3.2. Secondary sources 20
• 3.1.4. Limits of data analysis in the case of North Korea 20
• 3.2. Historical background of EU-DPRK relations 20
• 3.2.1. Reasons for EU-DPRK relations to exist 21
• 3.2.2. Beginning of the nuclear crisis in North Korea and EU/KEDO 22
• 3.2.3. Establishment of Diplomatic Relations EU Visit to Pyeongyang 24
• 3.2.4. EUs assistance towards North Korea 26
• 3.2.4.1 History of Humanitarian Assistance in North Korea 26
• 3.2.4.2. Technical Assistance 28
• 3.2.5. Contemporary history of EU-DPRK relations 30
• 3.2.5.1. Critical Engagement 30
• 3.2.5.2. Sanctions 30
• 3.2.5.3. Multilateral cooperation with IOs 31
• 3.2.5.4. Drawing a new line on EU-DPRK relations 31
• 4. Analysis 33
• 4.1. Why is the EU engaged towards the DPRK 33
• 4.2. What are the impacts of EU foreign policy towards the DPRK nuclear crisis 35
• 4.2.1. Establishing trust through consistent financial involvement 35
• 4.2.2. Scaling up sanctions to pressure for negotiations 35
• 4.3. EUs Foreign policy towards the DPRK: what limitations 36
• 4.3.1. Geographical limitations 36
• 4.3.2. Conflictual views on Human rights 36
• 4.3.3. Lack of coercive force 37
• 4.4. EU-DPRK Contemporary and Present Relations What evolution 37
• 4.4.1. EUGS and principled pragmatism: towards more coercive foreign policies 38
• 4.4.2. Pragmatism to solve collective action issues 38
• 5. Conclusion 40
• Bibliography 43