Focusing on the current situation in which the strife between women and men becomes a huge issue, this study starts from the question of why young women, who grew with the belief on the achieved gender equality, still feel difficulty in having romanti...
Focusing on the current situation in which the strife between women and men becomes a huge issue, this study starts from the question of why young women, who grew with the belief on the achieved gender equality, still feel difficulty in having romantic relationships. To explain such phenomenon, this study attempts to specifically analyze how gender power relationship works in a relationship called romance.
In this context, this study explores the conflicts experienced by highly-educated women in their 20s considered as self-development subjects in neo-liberalism in romantic relationships with men, analyzing the way that gender power relationship is executed in the process of performing heterosexual romances and its effect on female subjectivity.
First, women experience the regulation of normative femininity when establishing exclusive relationships presupposed in the norms of romance. They accept or violate the regulation and perform women as romance subjects. In the process of repeatedly performing the normative femininity to maintain relationships with men, the exclusiveness of romance gives women a sense of pleasure and power, and strengths the heterosexual structure; Women’s violation of such mechanism leads them to be forcedly positioned as normative women. Nevertheless, women try to challenge the regulation by recognizing the impossibility of exclusive romances and using a violating strategy.
Second, women want to plan their own lives as self-development subjects and demonstrate their bargaining power and autonomy in romantic relationships. Such desire against performing women’s roles as romance subjects in the heterosexual structure results in their experiences of contradictions and conflicts. In this regard, it is revealed that gender power relationship in romantic relationships still allows men to exert a coercion on women to appropriately perform heterosexually-normative femininity so that women still produce the corresponding female subjectivity.
Women as romance subjects sacrificing themselves for men contradict the individual subjects in the era of neo-liberalism that emphasizes choice, autonomy, and ability. As a strategy to justify dual labor of care and economic support in romantic relationships, women use the concept of ‘equality’ as rational consumption. However, such ‘equality’ does not actually work in situations where the structure of romance has already been organized in favor of men. While highly-educated middle class women with socioeconomic resources may attempt to adjust their power dynamics by applying this concept, it does not generate a great effect unless men approve their resources or desire them, since the self-confirmation of women is mediated through relationships with men in the heterosexual structure.
On the other hand, cost, time, and relationship are all objects of management for self-development subjects. Therefore, self-development and a romantic relationship cause conflicts in terms of resource allocation. The socioeconomic resources as well as educational backgrounds of women provide a basis for them to envision life prospects apart from their relationships with men, which lays the foundation for rejecting men’s expectations and demands in resolving the conflicts in romantic relationships.
Third, intimate partnership violence acts as power to regulate women, being signified as conflicts in romantic relationships or narrative of violence as women lose or exercise their autonomy or control within the relationships. The women’s distinction between ‘violence’ and ‘violent event’ is related to how they exhibit autonomy, control, and bargaining power in the relevant situation or relationship. Such agency is constructed in relation to their male counterparts and the discourses and representations on violence.
This study focuses on the unchanging phenomenon in which women in their 20s regarded to be relatively raised with gender equality and a lot of opportunities and resources still face sufferings in their relationships with men. It is found that the strategy adopted by women to change the unfair traditional romance norms is already embedded in the heterosexual romance structure. Therefore, it re-regulates and re-produces female subjectivity as normative women, which is identified as the effect of gender power relationship.
Meanwhile, although a self as a self-development subject in neo-liberalism is assumed as a liberal subject based on choice, responsibility, and autonomy, it is a male-oriented assumption differently constructed from a female subject. Thus, this study analyzes that, as women are produced and regulated as normative women in the heterosexual relationships, the discontents between the self as a self-development subject and a woman identity as a romance subject inevitably occur, which can open a space for discovering the possibilities of a new female subjectivity.
The limitation of this study is that the research subjects only include highly-educated women in their 20s in the Seoul metropolitan area and, in particular, heterosexual relationships. As women’s pain and violence in non-heterosexual relationships become problematic, a new discussion on gender power relationship and female subjectivity will be required.