도파민의 구조와 기능 = Structure and functions of dopamine

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that was synthesized for the first time in 1910 by Geroge Barger and James Ewens. It is synthesized from tyrosine and is also well known as the precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine receptors exists in various areas of brain. Depending on the structure and functional characteristics of each receptor, they are divided into D1-like receptors family that shows activational stimulation and D2-like receptors family group that shows inhibitional stimulation. Dopamine is secreted from the several different areas of brain, whose main areas include ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, etc. Dopamine in the limbic system passes through the reward circuit and stimulates reward and systems such as motivation caused by the reward, and dopamine that passes through basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex has an influence on controlling learning and cognition. Also, dopamine that is synthesized in the kidney plays an important role in adjusting blood pressure and sodium balance. Dopamine is also formed in the retina; is known to control circadian rhythm by regulating suprachiasmatic nucleus that is mostly activated when the sun is up and the retina detects light. Dopamine that is delivered to the thalamus through tuberoinfundibular pathway also functions as a hormone that inhibits the secretion of prolactin, which is a hormone that facilitates milk secretion. On the other hand, abnormal stimulation of dopamine triggers various side effects inside the human body. Excessive dopamine is secreted when addictive substances, such as drug or nicotine, this will lead to an addiction symptom, making one become insensitive to other stimuli as one is used to huge stimuli. In addition, if the substantia nigra is damaged or destroyed, the neural distribution of dopamine neurons in there will be decreased, which will lead to the decrease of dopamine and the Parkinson symptom. In contrast, the increased delivery of dopamine nerve and the excessive secretion of dopamine may become a cause of schizophrenia. Likewise, since dopamine acts in the various areas of brain and is an important neurotransmitter that has close influences on the essential functions of our life, such information is a topic used through many different materials. This thesis provides information about the synthesis of neurotransmitter dopamine and its influence on the human body. It also seeks to find connections with high school biology class and proposes a plan to apply in education by using this thesis.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 도파민의 구조 2
• 2.1 도파민 3
• 2.1.1 도파민의 발견 3
• 2.1.2 도파민의 구조와 합성과정 5
• 2.1.3 도파민의 분비 8
• 2.1.4 분해 및 비활성 11
• 2.2 도파민 수용체 13
• 2.2.1 도파민 수용체 D1 계열과 D2 계열 14
• 2.2.2 발현 16
• 2.2.3 신호전달 및 역할 17
• 2.3 도파민의 분비와 관련한 주요 영역 24
• 2.3.1 선조체 26
• 2.3.2 복측 피개영역 27
• 2.3.3 흑질 29
• 2.3.4 중격 의지핵 30
• 2.4 도파민의 신경경로 31
• 2.5 도파민과 작용하는 주요 신경전달물질 33
• 2.5.1 가바(GABA) 33
• 2.5.2 글루타메이트 35
• Ⅲ. 도파민의 기능 37
• 3.1 도파민의 기능 38
• 3.1.1 변연계 보상 시스템 38
• 3.1.2 보상으로 인한 동기부여 45
• 3.1.3 대뇌 피질에서의 학습과 인지조절 50
• 3.1.4 흑질 선조체 및 신장에서의 혈압조절 57
• 3.1.5 망막에서의 일주기 조절 65
• 3.1.6 시상하부에서의 프로락틴 분비 조절 72
• 3.2 도파민 관련 주요 부작용 80
• 3.2.1 중독 80
• 3.2.2 파킨슨병 86
• 3.2.3 조현병 96
• Ⅳ. 고등학교 생명과학 수업 적용 103
• 4.1 2015 생명과학 I 교육과정 개요 103
• 4.2 신경전달과 관련한 생명과학 I 교과서 내용 분석 105
• 4.3 신경 전달 관련 교과서 내용 적용 방안 제안 108
• 4.3.1 교과서 본문 내용 적용 방안 108
• 4.3.2 신경계 이상 관련 탐구활동 적용 방안 110
• 4.3.3 약물이 미치는 영향 관련 내용 적용 방안 113
• Ⅴ. 결론 116
• 참고문헌 119
• Abstract 156