War had been the traditional site for men to prove their courage and gain honor. Unlike previous wars the First World War lacked validation; millions died meaninglessly fighting for an elusive cause. Despite war’s futility, the deep-rooted masculine...
War had been the traditional site for men to prove their courage and gain honor. Unlike previous wars the First World War lacked validation; millions died meaninglessly fighting for an elusive cause. Despite war’s futility, the deep-rooted masculine ideal enforced by society and also internalized within the men obligated them to remain committed to war. In A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, the protagonist Frederic Henry, disillusioned with war yet attached to the long-established standards of masculinity, embodies men’s predicament in World War I.
Chapter One observes how men tried to fight this masculine dilemma. Many men in the novel are depicted as heavy drinkers. Men relied on alcohol as a means to block out war’s reality to make the war more bearable, as well as to hide their fears and distress that were considered to be weak and unmanly. Men also tried to evade the implication of their actions by forcing themselves not to think. By blindly following orders, men desperately sought for a reason, even if it was an outdated and theoretical one, to fight. Chapter Two illustrates men’s inevitable disillusionment with war. Frederic’s loyalty is repaid in death as he threatened to be killed by the Italian battle police. Not only had he failed to prove himself at war, Frederic is labeled a deserter. Frederic continues to search for ways to find his masculinity but away from the war he becomes increasingly weaker and even dependent on Catherine Barkley. In the end, similar to his efforts in the war, Frederic cannot save Catherine nor the baby as he walks alone in the rain having lost everything. This symbolizes the impact the war had on men. Once emasculated in the war men had to live with their sense of failure that further debilitated them even when they were away from the war.
The soldiers who fought in World War I realized that they were powerless within the great turmoil. Frederic’s strong determination to remain in war and the continued sense of obligation he feels even after being threatened by the battle police depicts how deeply embedded the traditional masculine ideals resided in the men’s consciousness. In addition to the physical damage, men experienced a personal loss in the war -- the loss of their masculinity. A Farewell to Arms portrays the men’s struggle in a war where traditional standards of masculinity were no longer achievable.