This study was performed based on the theory of inner strength in women (TIS-W). There are two purposes of this study. First, to verify validity and reliability of inner strength questionnaire (ISQ). Second, to explore factors influencing the quality...
This study was performed based on the theory of inner strength in women (TIS-W). There are two purposes of this study. First, to verify validity and reliability of inner strength questionnaire (ISQ). Second, to explore factors influencing the quality of life (QOL) and self-management of breast cancer survivors and to verify the goodness-of-fit model based on the theory of inner strength in women (TIS-W).
The survey was performed to breast cancer outpatients at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and National Cancer Center. The questionnaire was provided to 12 and 201 breast cancer survivors in each hospital. After excluding insufficient questionnaires and patients who did not meet the criteria of the study, 167 surveys were used to analyze. Instruments used for measuring inner strength, self-management, quality of life, depression and resilience were ISQ-K, PAM13-K, FACT-B, CES-D 10 and CD-RISC2, respectively. Data were analyzed by CVI for contents validity, confirmative factor analysis for construct validity and correlation for criteria validity. For reliability, Cronbach’s α was calculated. T-test and ANOVA was used for differences of inner strength and QOL according to self-management levels. To verify the goodness-of-fit model, the path analysis was performed. This study obtained IRB’s approval from the hospitals.
After verifying contents validity, mean score of I-CVI was 0.95 and S-CVI/UA score was 0.70. Confirmative factor analysis was performed by using four factors and the goodness-of-fit was the following: x2=784.007, df=318, RMSEA= 0.094, TLI=0.775, CFI=0.719, GFI=0.719. Standard errors of variance ranged from 0.057 to 0.154. Inner strengths and resilience were positively correlated (r=.473, p<.001) for criteria validity. The result of test-retest reliability was statistically significant (r=0.899, p<0.001) and Cronbach’s α was high (Cronbach’s α =0.845).
QOL was significantly different in incomes (F=3.622, p=0.007) and recurrent status (t=-2.106, p=0.037). According to self-management, inner strength (F=8.982, p<.001) and QOL (F=8.466, p<.001) was higher in level 4, the highest level in self-management, than other levels.
The goodness-of-fit of hypothetical model was the following: x2=6.362, df=2, x2/df=3.181, RMSEA= 0.115, NFI=0.971, TLI=0.896, CFI=0.979, GFI=0.985. Based on modified indices (M.I=5.610), the path from self-management to quality of life was added for the final model. The goodness-of-fit of final model was the following: x2=0.087, df=1, x2/df=0.087, RMSEA=0.00, NFI=1.00, TLI=1.043, CFI=1.00, GFI=.1.00. Of 8 hypothetical paths, which were established in the study, 5 hypothetical paths were statistically significant but not 3 hypothetical path. In the final model, inner strength, depression and self-management affected QOL. Inner strength and self-management had positive effect on QOL and depression influenced negatively on QOL. As a result of analysis of effect of final model, QOL were explained 58.2% by inner strength, depression and self-management.
As a result of this, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention and explore questions in ISQ-K to apply inner strength concept in clinical settings for breast cancer. Also, breast cancer survivors need to think positively about life and extended their disease experience to new normal by enhancing inner strength. In addition, nursing strategies need to be considered to decrease depression and promote self-management affecting QOL indirectly or directly. Ultimately, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention program by applying TIS-W.