Abstract
A Study on the Legal Characteristics of Credit Default Swaps
- Comparison with Credit Enhancement Transactions and Restriction on Uncovered Credit Default Swaps -
Jae-Nam Kim
The Graduate School of Law
Seoul National University
Credit der...
Abstract
A Study on the Legal Characteristics of Credit Default Swaps
- Comparison with Credit Enhancement Transactions and Restriction on Uncovered Credit Default Swaps -
Jae-Nam Kim
The Graduate School of Law
Seoul National University
Credit derivatives have been blamed for causing and magnifying the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. One of the reasons that credit derivatives contributed to such crises was that notwithstanding their importance in the financial market, studies about the legal characteristics of credit derivatives are relatively insufficient. This article analyzes the legal characteristics of credit derivatives by comparing them with other traditional credit enhancement transactions, and discusses the restriction on uncovered credit default swaps.
Although credit default swaps have the same economic functions (transferring credit risks and enhancing credit) as other credit enhancement transactions, such as guarantees, surety bonds, and standby letters of credit, credit default swaps can be distinguished from the other credit enhancement transactions with respect to their legal characteristics. Their legal characteristics can be compared with those of guarantees, surety bonds, and standby letters of credit in terms of four aspects: (i) structure of the transactions; (ii) dependence or independence; (iii) condition for payment/credit event; and (iv) reimbursement/subrogation. The most important difference is that a guarantee, a surety bond, and a standby letter of credit involve a tripartite relationship, and a creditor, a surety bondholder, and a beneficiary should hold bonds or obligations to the debtor, insurer, and issuing bank, respectively. In contrast, a credit default swap is a bipartite contract between a protection seller and a protection buyer, and a protection buyer and a protection seller can enter into a credit default swap where neither party holds any security of, or has any interest in or relation to, the reference entity. In other words, only credit default swaps can be validly entered into solely for the purpose of financial speculation.
It is contended herein that it is necessary to restrict the legal enforceability of speculative credit default swaps. Weighing the social benefits of speculative credit default swaps against their harmful effects can lead to the conclusion that speculative transactions may create a serious moral hazard and are identical to gambling. Moreover, credit default swaps dovetail into the definition of insurance contracts. Therefore, to minimize the problems of credit default swaps being a moral hazard and being tantamount to gambling, a principle similar to insurable interest should be applied to credit default swaps, even though it is stipulated in a statute that credit default swaps shall not be considered insurance and may not be regulated as insurance contracts.
As speculative credit default swaps should be restricted, the scope of speculative credit default swaps is important. With regard to the ambit of prohibition, the standard of uncovered sovereign credit default swaps in the EU Short Selling Regulation can be a suitable reference. In the EU Regulation, a sovereign credit default swap is considered uncovered if the protection buyer neither has a long position in the sovereign debt nor holds assets or has financial obligations whose value is correlated to the value of the sovereign debt referenced in the sovereign credit default swap. The EU Regulation also requires that the size of the sovereign credit default swap position should be proportionate to the size of the exposures hedged. The correlation and proportionality tests could be relevant criteria of the restriction on speculative credit default swaps.
Keywords : Credit Default Swap, Guarantee, Surety Bond, Standby Letter of Credit, Insurable Interest, EU Short Selling Regulation
Student Number : 2010-21331