Movement of reforming existing drug control policy is rising up little by little over the world. While drug-related violence goes on without stop, the view of "the drug war has failed" is spreading over. This recent trend of drug control seems to chal...
Movement of reforming existing drug control policy is rising up little by little over the world. While drug-related violence goes on without stop, the view of "the drug war has failed" is spreading over. This recent trend of drug control seems to challenge the half-century old regime. This study raises the following questions: In respect of narcotic drug control, what kind of international regime are we under?; Who created the regime from the beginning? What condition still maintains the regime? It argues that the international drug control regime works as a means that the United States, the dominant power, can use to derive its national interests in the drug issue. On each stage of formation and maintenance of the regime, the US role which proceeded from its several interests has been the most significant factor.
To find answers to the research questions, this study firstly goes on review of international relations theories on regime. Through debate, it finally selects an appropriate definition and the proper theoretical frame which emphasizes existence of a leader and its dominant power. Next, it briefly checks problems of pre-UN convention time and then it grasps important points of the regime constituents - the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971, and the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. It reviews regime’s principles, norms and rules in regard to various sub-issues.
Then, it enters the examination stage to verify its main argument, which is that the international control regime was born and survives as a means of the US to exercise its interests. The main argument proceeds based on natures of the drug issue – different stake over states; normative aspect; closely linked to daily life; supranational problem; asymmetric national capability between suppliers and consumers.
To summarize the argument, this article points out two interests of the US had in formation stage - the opportunity to improve its political influence in the international sphere, and the need to block the drug surge as the biggest consumer. Unlike before the WWⅡ, the US became the most dominant actor in the world. From the preparatory work on drafts to the plenipotentiary conference, the US had exercised its significant influence. The principles of the regime reflects the US ideas and values, so that the new regime could provide the US with a legitimate ground to take actions to defeat the evil drugs on international dimension. Plus, as going through WWⅡ and the Vietnam War, the US became the top consumer of narcotics. It led the US to propose the amendment of the Single Convention for strengthening the international control.
That the regime is still on act can be explained by three reasons the US have – succeeding surge and industrial profit over new substances; awareness of potential strength of non-state actors and their link to narcotics traffic; the need of continuance of US activities and intervention in foreign territories. Besides traditional drugs, new substances have surged throughout 1950’s and 1960’s. The US suffered the drug surge but at the same time, it was taking advantages in regards of new substances and pharmaceutical business. As concerns over these synthetic hallucinogens and new research results to reveal the peril effects gained supports, a convention on psychotropic substances was about to build. However, the newborn convention could not be decisive enough to control new substances effectively.
In 1980’s, the US recognized that the network of drug traffic was widening and sophisticated, and power of this tricky business was becoming significant as well. The state saw a connection between drugs and political violence over the world as a national security threat. That is why the US acted up for the 1988 traffic convention. Lastly, the US desire to sustain its activities and intervention in foreign territories maintains the regime. The regime provides the state with a just cause and international framework of its actions.
Throughout the analysis, this study attains the following objectives. First, it fills up the shortage of political study about the narcotic drugs issue. It is been long since it became a serious threat to both national and international security as in non-traditional way, and yet it is not easy to find relevant literatures in political science division. When it comes up to the international stage, it is not about drugs solely longer but it is about politics. Both cooperative and conflictive scenes shown in the international sphere in respect of drug control tells the need of political perspective.
Second, as a part of regime study in international relations, it gives a comparative viewpoint to several other issues in regime study. This study specifically focuses on the international regime centre around the narcotic drug control matter. It can suggest a relative perspective to any other regime study, as in both theoretical argument and analysis of the issue.
Third, it carries an implication on the future of the international drug control regime. In the middle of the critical trend, by examining mechanism of formation and maintenance of the existing regime we have now, this study would call attention to the current status and the future status of this particular issue.