中国朝鲜族大学生英语疑问句语调特征研究 = A STUDY ON THE INTONATION FEATURES OF ENGLISH INTERROGATIVE QUESTIONS PRODUCED BY KOREAN MINORITY COLLEGE STUDENTS OF CHINA

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

　　语调是语言交际中不可缺少的因素，它不仅可以传达信息、消除语法歧义，还可以表达说话人的语气和态度。在疑问句中，根据其类型的不同，会呈现不同的语调特征。本文以自主音段节律音系学理论为基础，运用ToBI标注系统和K-ToBI标注系统，主要研究两个问题。第一，英朝疑问句语调的对比；第二，朝鲜族大学生英语疑问句语调特征的分析。
　　通过对英语和朝鲜语四种类型的疑问句语调进行对比分析，发现两种语言的疑问句在语调上存在许多共性和差异。在两种语言的调域方面，英语一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句以及附加疑问句的调域均大于朝鲜语的情况。在边界调方面，英、朝一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句的边界调分别由升调、降调、降调来实现，但是朝鲜语疑问句的升降幅度比英语小。英语附加疑问句的边界调类型由其所要表达的语义决定，而朝鲜语是由其终结语尾决定。在音高重音方面，英语一般疑问句中使用频率最高的音高重音为L*。在自然焦点情况下，英语特殊疑问中的音高重音可以出现在句首疑问词、句中或句末。英语选择疑问句中含有两个选择项时，选择项音高重音为L*和H*，有三个选择项时其音高重音为L*、L*和H*。附加疑问句表达确认和询问信息等语言功能时，其附加项音高重音分别为H*和L*。朝鲜语与英语属不同的语言类型，主要通过音节内独立的音调来组成重音短语（AP）。
　　以4名英语本族语者朗读录音的语调模式为参照标准，通过对8名延边朝鲜族大学生英语疑问句语调特征的分析，得出以下结论。第一、在调域方面，朝鲜族大学生所发出的四种英语疑问句类型的调域值均明显小于英语本族语的调域值，其语调平直，音高的升降起伏不大。第二、边界调方面，朝鲜族大学生除了在调型上对英语特殊疑问句使用高降调（L-L%）的规则掌握较好之外，在其他类型的疑问句边界调的呈现上，均出现了边界调的升降不到位(undershoot)、所使用的边界调类型不符合语境要求的语气等问题。第三、音高重音方面，朝鲜族大学生对于多音节单词的重音呈现方式掌握较差，其音节的凸显与否没有紧密地联系语境，甚至在话语中出现了显著的多重音现象。第四、在语调短语的划分上，朝鲜族大学生倾向于用词内音节的个数来划分，因此出现停顿次数较多、停顿位置错误、停顿时长大于英语本族语者的特点。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

　　Intonation is one of the most important factors in the linguistic communication. It can convey information, eliminate grammatical ambiguity and express a speaker’s mood and attitude. In the interrogative questions, it may show different intonation features according to their types. This paper mainly investigates two problems based on the Auto-segmental metrical theory with the ToBI labeling system and the K-ToBI labeling system. The first one is the comparison of the intonation between English and Korean interrogative questions, and the second one is the analysis of the intonation features of English interrogative questions produced by Korean minority college students.
　　Through the comparative analysis of the intonation between four types of English and Korean interrogative question sentences, this paper found out that there are many similarities and differences in the intonation of interrogative questions between English and Korean. The boundary tones of yes-no question, wh-question and selective question of English and Korean are all respectively realized by rising tone, falling tone and falling tone, while the range of rising or falling in Korean is much smaller than that of English. The types of boundary tones of English tag question are determined by its semantic meaning, while in Korean, it is determined by the final endings. From the perspective of the pitch accent, the most frequently used in the English yes-no question is L*. In the condition of natural focus, pitch accents of the English wh-quetion can be realized in the beginning, middle and ending of the sentence. When there are two options in the English selective question, the pitch accents of them are L* and H* and when there are three, they are L*,L* and H*. When the English tag question expresses the information of confirmation or asking, their pitch accents are respectively H* or L*. Korean is different from English in the perspective of language type, and the individual tones in the syllables make up the Accentual Phrase (AP).
　　Through the analysis of the intonation features of English interrogative questions produced by 8 Korean minority college students in Yanbian area, taking 4 native English speakers’ intonation model of record reading materials as the reference standard, we get the following results. Firstly, the pitch ranges of four types of English interrogative questions produced by Korean minority college students are all smaller than those of English native speaker, and the degree of rising or falling of the intonation of Korean minority college students is not as large as English native speaker. Secondly, except for using well L-L% boundary tone in the wh-question, Korean minority college students show many mistakes in the realization of the boundary tones in the other types of interrogative questions, such as the undershoot of the rising or falling of the boundary tone and the disagreement between the mood that the context requested and the boundary tone they actually used. Thirdly, in the perspective of the pitch accent, Korean minority college students show nonproficiency in the realization of the stresses of the multi-syllable words. The prominence of the syllable is not closely linked with the context, and prominent multi-pitch accents phenomenon is appeared. Fourthly, in the phrasing of the intonation, Korean minority college students are apt to use the count of syllables in a word to phrase and result in several features that the frequency of pause is larger, the place of pause is incorrect and the time of pause is longer than native speakers.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 摘要 I
• Abstract II
• 第一章 引言 1
• 1.1研究内容 1
• 1.2 研究现状 2
• 1.3 研究目的及意义 4
• 第二章 自主音段节律音系学理论概述 5
• 2.1 AM理论 5
• 2.2 ToBI标注系统 6
• 2.3 K-ToBI标注系统 7
• 第三章 研究设计 9
• 3.1受试者 9
• 3.2 录音材料 9
• 3.3 实验过程 11
• 3.4 标注样本 11
• 第四章 英、朝疑问句语调特征对比分析 14
• 4.1 调域 14
• 4.1.1 英语疑问句调域分析 14
• 4.1.2 朝鲜语疑问句调域分析 15
• 4.1.3 英、朝疑问句调域对比 16
• 4.2 边界调 17
• 4.2.1 英语疑问句边界调分析 17
• 4.2.2 朝鲜语疑问句边界调分析 18
• 4.2.3 英、朝疑问句边界调对比 20
• 4.3 音高重音 20
• 4.3.1英语音高重音分析 20
• 4.3.2朝鲜语音高重音分析 22
• 4.3.3 英、朝音高重音对比 23
• 第五章 延边朝鲜族大学生英语疑问句语调特征分析 24
• 5.1调域 24
• 5.1.1 一般疑问句调域 24
• 5.1.2 特殊疑问句调域 26
• 5.1.3 选择疑问句调域 29
• 5.1.4 附加疑问句 31
• 5.1.5 小结 34
• 5.2 边界调 34
• 5.2.1 一般疑问句边界调分析 34
• 5.2.2特殊疑问句边界调分析 35
• 5.2.3 选择疑问句边界调 35
• 5.2.4 附加疑问句边界调分析 36
• 5.2.5 小结 38
• 5.3 音高重音 38
• 5.3.1一般疑问句音高重音分析 38
• 5.3.2 特殊疑问句音高重音分析 40
• 5.3.3 选择疑问句音高重音分析 43
• 5.3.4 附加疑问句音高重音分析 46
• 5.3.5小结 49
• 5.4 语调短语划分 49
• 5.4.1一般疑问句语调短语划分分析 49
• 5.4.2 特殊疑问句语调短语划分 50
• 5.4.3 选择疑问句语调短语划分 51
• 5.4.4 附加疑问句语调短语划分 52
• 5.4.5 小结 53
• 第六章 结论 54
• 参考文献 57
• 致 谢 61