북아일랜드의 정치 갈등과 합의 과정에서 종교의 역할 : 1969년부터 2006년까지의 경험을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

ABSTRACT


The Role of Religion on the Process of Political Conflict
and Consensus in Northern Ireland
- Focused on the Conflict Experience from 1969 to 2006 -

Chon, Jae-Choon
Department of Political Science
The Graduate School
Chonbuk National University

Northern Ireland went through a conflict which was caused by the division between Catholics and Protestants. The conflict which lasted for about 30 years from Civil Rights Movement in 1969 to Northern Ireland Peace Agreement in 1998 claimed the lives of about 3,500 people.
In 17th century, United Kingdom settled Anglican Church and Scottish Presbyterians in Ulster, northern part of Ireland. The immigrants coming to Ireland with Protestantism ruled the natives believing in Catholicism, which created a conflict. Protestants were called Unionists because they wanted Northern Ireland to be united into United Kingdom, while Catholics were called Nationalists who wanted reunification between Norther Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Unionists had British identity, whereas Nationalists identified themselves as Irish. Northern Ireland Conflict is a ethical, political, and religious phenomenon which lasted for a long time on the basis of the above mentioned historical background.
The needs of this thesis are as follows. First, it can be helpful for any communities suffering from a similar conflict to study a series of steps in which Northern Ireland reached a consensus on resolving its conflict. Second, as most studies of Northern Ireland Conflict has been done on a political viewpoint so far, a new study needs to be done on a religious viewpoint considering the role of religion in Northern Ireland Conflict and Peace Process. Third, high-ranking decision-makers’ view on peace-making and the general public’s view on peace-building should be considered equally. Fourth, Northern Ireland settled the conflict through consensus in which minorities could also participate in politics, not through plurality which was advantageous to majorities. Fifth, a switch in approaching the resolution of the conflict should be done from Conflict Resolution Approach to Conflict Transformation Approach.
The purpose of this thesis is to find out “the Role of Religion(Protestant and Catholic churches, church leaders, lay believers, individuals, groups, communities, and related groups) on the Process of Political Conflict and Consensus in Northern Ireland” focused on the conflict experience from 1969 to 2006.
On the premise that as the conflict transformational approach in the resolution of Northern Ireland Conflict was changed into a hopeful circulation system, the possibility increased to reach consensus in Northern Ireland divided into two communities, the following three things were considered as research contents.
First one is to find out the cause of the conflict which divided Northern Ireland. Second one is to find out the correlation between the conflict and the religious factors or causes by researching the conflict process. Third one is to determine what religious efforts were made to resolve the conflict in the peace process and what roles the efforts played in achieving consensus and peace agreement. To what direction Northern Ireland politics developed could be revealed.
There is a general agreement that Northern Ireland Conflicts lasted from 1969 to 1998, but this thesis considers larger period including before 1969 and after 1998. The first is the peaceful period(1921∼1968) when the sense of antagonism, discrimination, and unequality between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland was latent. The second is the period(1969∼1973) when there were Civil Rights Movement, Bloody Sunday, Bloody Friday, and Sunningdale Agreement. The third is the period(1994∼1998) when full-fledged peace negotiations started and Northern Ireland Peace Agreement was reached. The fourth is the period(1999∼2007) when St. Andrews Agreement reached following Northern Ireland Peace Agreement and power-sharing government appeared.
The research method of this thesis is dividing the whole process of Northern Ireland Conflict by key issues and incidents and making the conflict circulation structure work on each period of the conflict. In other words, Lipset and Rokkan's social cleavages, Lederach's episodes → epicenter → platform and Kriesberg's conflict circulation system are applied to each period (1921∼1968, 1969∼1973, 1994∼1998, 1999∼2007) in order to account for the process of resolving the conflict.
The general format of this thesis is as follows. Chapter two presents the theory and concept of conflict and consensus, preceding research, and analytical frameworks.
Chapter three deals with English parliamentary democracy, election system, national conflict, and relationship with Ireland as a preceding work of finding out the politics and religion of Northern Ireland.
Chapter four, a historical approach to Northern Ireland Conflict, speaks of the Plantation in 17th century, England-Ireland Treaty, and Civil Rights Movement, and analyzes the causes of the conflict in terms of religious and political views.
Chapter five analyzes the research materials on the process, victims, and religious phenomena of the conflict. It is considered how Northern Ireland's election and voting system influenced the Northern Ireland politics and the two divided communities.
Chapter six deals with the role of religion in resolving Northern Ireland Conflict.

The results of this thesis are as follows. First, there were various causes of Northern Ireland Conflict, but religious factors always worked as a cause.
Second, religion provided Northern Irish people with their strong social identity, which consolidated the conflict and made the boundary clear.
Third, church leaders and church-related organizations arranged meetings between the parties to the conflict. Ian Paisley, a Protestant, and Garry Adams, a Catholic, played an important role in the political negotiation process as church members. Monica McWilliams from Northern Ireland Woman's Coalition, Nobel Prize winner Mairead Corrigan Maguire who established Peace People and led peace movement and Betty Williams played an important role in building peace in Northern Ireland through Protestant and Catholic belief.
Fourth, Peace Building progressed through mutual exchange between church communities. Peace building for the next generations was promoted by initiating 'come together' through meetings between churches, female church leaders, priests and clergymen, and lay believers.
Finally, Northern Ireland politics was changed gradually from the first-past-the-post system to consensus. The power sharing government was built up by the trial, specification, and practice of consensus. Negotiations by the parties to the conflict became mature through the process of England-Ireland Treaty, Sunningdale Agreement, Northern Ireland Peace Agreement and St. Andrews Agreement, which developed Northern Ireland politics. Churches, individuals, church leaders, groups, and related organizations played an important role on the process of political conflict and consensus in Northern Ireland.

* Key words:
Northern Ireland Conflict, Protestant and Catholic, Unionist and Nationalist, British and Irish, Northern Ireland Peace Agreement, Consensus, Peace-building, Peace-making.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Abstract
• 제1장 서론 1
• 제1절 문제의 제기 1
• 제2절 연구의 목적과 방법 및 범위 4
• 1. 연구 목적 4
• 2. 연구의 방법 및 범위 7
• 제2장 갈등과 합의제에 관한 이론적 논의 12
• 제1절 갈등과 합의제 개념 12
• 1. 갈등의 개념 12
• 2. 합의제 개념 18
• 제2절 갈등과 합의제에 관한 논의 22
• 1. 갈등 이론 22
• 2. 합의제 이론 27
• 제3절 연구 분석틀 30
• 1. 선행연구 검토 31
• 2. 분석의 기본 모형 및 틀 38
• 제3장 북아일랜드 정치에 대한 영국의 영향 49
• 제1절 북아일랜드 정치의 원형인 영국 정치 49
• 1. 의회 민주주의 49
• 2. 선거제도 51
• 제2절 영국의 민족문제 53
• 1. 민족문제 : 아이리쉬 54
• 2. 아일랜드섬 55
• 제3절 북아일랜드 권력구조와 합의제 61
• 1. 권력구조 62
• 2. 합의제 66
• 제4절 소결 68
• 제4장 북아일랜드 분쟁의 원인 70
• 제1절 외적 원인 70
• 1. 미국 인권운동 70
• 2. 라틴 아메리카의 해방신학 71
• 제2절 내적 원인 74
• 1. 17세기 식민 74
• 2. 영국-아일랜드 조약 77
• 3. 공민권운동 80
• 제3절 분쟁의 원인 분석 91
• 1. 원인 근거 분석 91
• 2. 프로테스탄트: 종교적 97
• 3. 가톨릭: 정치적 101
• 4. 정당 및 기관과 시민 108
• 제4절 소결 111
• 제5장 종교로 분절된 북아일랜드의 분쟁 과정 113
• 제1절 북아일랜드의 분쟁 과정 113
• 1. 분쟁 개요 113
• 2. 분쟁 진행 과정 114
• 제2절 분쟁으로 인한 희생자 116
• 1. 분절된 두 공동체 117
• 2. 분쟁 기간 동안 희생자 118
• 제3절 북아일랜드 분쟁과 종교 122
• 1. 정치적 관심도 123
• 2. 종교와 정체성 124
• 3. 분절된 공동체 상호관계 127
• 제4절 북아일랜드 분쟁과 선거 130
• 1. 선거 제도와 시기 131
• 2. 분쟁과 선거 연관성 132
• 제5절 소결 140
• 제6장 북아일랜드 분쟁 해결을 위한 종교의 역할 142
• 제1절 화해 142
• 1. 화해 내용 142
• 2. 화해 도구 145
• 제2절 평화협정 147
• 1. 써닝데일협정 148
• 2. 북아일랜드평화협정 152
• 3. 성앤드류협정 161
• 제3절 종교의 역할 168
• 1. 분쟁 해결과 종교 168
• 2. 프로테스탄트의 이안 페이즐리 172
• 3. 가톨릭의 게리 아담스 175
• 4. 여성 기독교인의 역할 179
• 제4절 화해를 위한 교회의 역할 183
• 1. 화해와 신학 183
• 2. 아일랜드교회협의회와 공동체협력위원회 188
• 3. 공동체 상호 교류와 평화 건설 191
• 제5절 소결 197
• 제7장 결론 199
• 참고문헌 207
• 부록 1. 북아일랜드 지도 및 분쟁 과정 연대기 218
• 부록 2. 기관 및 약어 221
• 부록 3. 인터뷰 자료 225
• 부록 4. 북아일랜드평화협정문 241
• - 표 목 차 -
• <표 2-1> 두 민주주의 모델의 제도 변수 클러스터 21
• <표 2-2> 갈등 해결 시각과 갈등 전환 시각 26
• <표 2-3> 북아일랜드 분쟁에 관한 선행 연구 32
• <표 4-1> 프로테스탄트와 가톨릭의 차별과 기회평등 인식 87
• <표 4-2> 북아일랜드와 영국의 종교와 성별 실업률 89
• <표 4-3> 종교별 가구당 침실 보유 수 89
• <표 4-4> 종교별 가구당 전체 수입 90
• <표 4-5> 종교별 북아일랜드 분쟁의 원인 인식, 1991 93
• <표 4-6> 북아일랜드의 강한 사회적 일체감, 1968 93
• <표 4-7> 북아일랜드 분쟁의 원인과 종교의 역할에 관한 인터뷰 94-95
• <표 4-8> 북아일랜드 분쟁의 원인에 대한 관점 분석 96
• <표 4-9> 종교와 학교별 학생비율, 2000-01 104
• <표 5-1> 분쟁 기간 동안 전체 희생자, 1969-2001 119
• <표 5-2> 공동체별 각 그룹별로 행해진 희생자 121
• <표 5-3> 북아일랜드의 웨스트민스터 보통선거: 1970-2010 133
• <표 5-4> 북아일랜드 보통선거(하원): 1921-1969 135
• <표 5-5 북아일랜드 의회 선거, 특별 선거: 1973-2011 136
• <표 6-1> 아이리쉬 평화 과정 147
• <표 6-2> 북아일랜드의 정치 갈등과 합의 과정 164
• <표 6-3> 교회의 역할 또는 영향, 2013 벨파스트 및 데리
• 현지 조사 187
• <표 7-1> 북아일랜드 정치 체계와 종교 현상 206
• - 그 림 목 차 -
• [그림 2-1] 상호간 갈등 대처의 이차원적 모델 16
• [그림 2-2] 화해의 4가지 차원 17
• [그림 2-3] 평화구축의 행위자와 접근법들 25
• [그림 2-4] 사회 균열 구조와 정당체제 39
• [그림 2-5] 전환적 토대 42
• [그림 2-6] 크리스버그의 갈등 관리에 의한 순환 구조 45
• [그림 2-7] 분석틀: 갈등과 합의 47
• [그림 4-1] 통합주의자 - 민족주의자 투표율, 1921-99 92
• [그림 5-1] 분쟁 기간 연령별 희생자 120
• [그림 5-2] 정치적 관심도 123
• [그림 5-3] 북아일랜드에서의 교회참석도 125
• [그림 5-4] 종교와 민족성 126
• [그림 5-5] 북아일랜드의 동일 공동체 친구와 동일 종교 이웃 128
• [그림 5-6] 자신의 종교를 숨겨야 하는가 129
• [그림 5-7] 1998년 북아일랜드 의회 선거 137
• [그림 6-1] 화해: 도구 145