Today, the concept of ‘popular religion’ has two implications. One is its cultural level: the lower class religious culture differs from elite or/and official religion. It includes some popular practices wishing for good fortunes or/and escaping d...
Today, the concept of ‘popular religion’ has two implications. One is its cultural level: the lower class religious culture differs from elite or/and official religion. It includes some popular practices wishing for good fortunes or/and escaping disasters. The other is its political level. It includes religious practices of ‘rebels’ like millenarian movement or messianism. But little attention has been given to the relation between these two. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the connection between revolutionary religious movements and the ordinary level of popular culture.
This thesis analyzes ‘the Dragon Lady(龍女夫人) Affairs’ of Korea in 1688. A crowd includes some shamans, a monk, a geomancer, peasants, and some petty officials assembled in a small village north of capital city. They believed that “the age of seokga(Shakya)” would be over and it would give a way to “the age of mireuk(Maitreya)”. And they claimed that this world would become a new age, therefore ‘holy shamans’ would take possession of the country. In spite of they were armed with simple weapons, they did not take any military actions. Instead, only a few people entered the capital city because they believed that the capital city would be deluged by a great flood.
The records of their trial includes some statements of religious experience with apocalyptic vision, myth of changing era from Shakya to Maitreya, catastrophic disasters, ritual for the end of the world and the change of dynasty. This thesis tries to reinterpret religious discourse and practices in the microhistoric approach and to understand its context in popular culture of the time.
The discourses in this religious movement was expressed and disseminated in the form of statement of religious experience or prophecy. Yeo-hwan, one of the leaders argued that he met mireuk(Maitreya), Chilseong(the Great Dipper), immortals, etc. He said that they showed him the vision of the destruction of the country and gave him the ability of controlling the weather. His statement included Buddhist, Shamanistic, and taoist elements. But it was not only a syncretism but a product rearranged languages and images in imagined space with consistent symbolic system. It was also a assertion about the authority of periphery which transcend existing political power and its cultural center. And it reconstructed as a guidance for actual action in form of prophecy.
The main content of prophecy was the emergence of maitreya who would occupy the world where shakya ruled. Its subtext was a shamanistic myth: in the beginning, the creator maitreya was usurped the world, and it was the origin of evil. Though in this case, this narrative transformed from the story which explains the origin of evil and wishes of restoration of ordered world to the story which predicts the collapse of world overturning the social status. It is an example that shows the way of formation of revolutionary maitreyism which influenced the social changes in late Joseon Korea.
This kind of revolutionary worldview was performed more concretely by rituals. They gained followers with ordinary healing rituals of shaman or magician, and formed the core leader group named ‘holy shamans’ with the ritual to build an alter and to let descend god. Though they banished ‘house gods’ who had protected the safety of home instead of normal ‘evil ghosts,’ and called ‘holy god’ who were superior to gods worshiped by ordinary shamans. These rituals make metaphorical parallel with the myth the exhausting of Shakya and emergency of Maitreya. And also, the march to the capital city to occupy the loyal palace was planned with their symbolic context and modified dynamically in the change of situation.
The discourse and practice of revolutionary popular religious movement is constructed with bricolage and appropriation of cultural materials in religious culture. Religious symbols, used to be utilized to maintaining the order of world and keeping off misfortunes, are now reconstructed to the way to deny the order and to let catastrophe happened in the world.