False confessions present a variety of problems in a criminal justice system. False confession shouldn't produced in a criminal justice system which primarily aims at finding substantial truth and adhering to due process. Confessing falsely to a crime...
False confessions present a variety of problems in a criminal justice system. False confession shouldn't produced in a criminal justice system which primarily aims at finding substantial truth and adhering to due process. Confessing falsely to a crime that one has not committed undermines the substantial truth, and they mainly result from illegal practices of investigation. Especially, when the false confessions are induced by the police or prosecutors during interrogation and they are not found during the prosecution and trial, and eventually leads to conviction, it means the total failure of entire criminal justice system.
This study aims at (1) examining the current status of false confession; (2) finding causes of false confession through a case study and literature review of foreign countries; (3) and, finding ways to prevent false confession in the Korean criminal justice system.
Initially, identification of the existence of false confessions to examine the status quo. From the Japanese colonial era to 1980s, when the military dictatorship ended, false confession was mainly made by torture, some of which found not guilty through retrial afterwards, according the report of truth and reconciliation committee. Since 1990s to date, 46 cases of false confessions were selected by the following criteria: (1) claim of a false confession by the accused(suspects); (2) denial of reliability of a confession by trial courts; (3) decision of innocence.
The selected cases were analyzed on 12 items. It was found that half of the reason for false confessions in 1990s were physical harassment such as torture and violence. And, threat, deception, solicitation, and long-term investigation consisted large portion of such practices in 2000s. In addition, there have been many false confessions on felonies like murder and robbery, and it was verified that 'multiplying effects' are taking place that one person's(case) false confession is spreading to other person's(case) false confession. Also, it was revealed that adolescents and the retarded consisted a large portion of false confessors.
Fourteen cases were analyzed in depth in terms of (1) reasons of false confession and (2) problems in criminal procedures. Also, after studying the factors that affect the false confession, and conducting literature review of foreign researches and studies, two models are designed to explain causes of false confessions: (1) the Formation of a False Confession Model(hereinafter the FFCM) and (2) the Internal Process of a False Confession Model(hereinafter the IPFCM).
Under the FFCM, investigators force criminal suspects into confession by torture or coercion. A suspect’s personal vulnerabilities such as age, gender, or personality aggravate risk factors. And trial judges formally evaluate the voluntariness of confession during trial. As a result, confession evidence leads to a judgement of conviction. Meanwhile, under the IPFCM, innocent suspects deny crime charges at the beginning of an investigation. When the suspects, however, come to feel isolated, fearful, or helpless due to pressure from the investigation, they ultimately give up and confess to the crime they did not commit. Investigators then materialize false confession by eliciting necessary statements from suspects to support the false confessions with for example crime scene photographs or leading questions.
This study presents procedural measures to prevent false confession in an investigation or trial stage, and suggests enhancing effectiveness of the exclusionary rule for confession. First, in an investigation stage, it is necessary to ensure transparency and legitimacy of suspect interrogation. Mandatory audiotape and videotape recording, participation of a lawyer, and time-out rules (to monitor the length of investigation time) are suggested. In addition, it is proposed that ‘post confession analysis’ should be regularized to screen false confession after investigation. For better understanding of false confession, a professional training is also suggested among investigators, prosecutors, and judges.
Second, it was emphasized that the most important role of the court is to adhere to the exclusionary rule for confession, and suggested that overcoming 'document trial' is a one of the best ways to significantly reduce the false confessions, and that the court has to be more rigid and active in assessing the voluntariness of confessions.
Third, in order to enhance effectiveness of the exclusionary rule for confession, it is necessary to accumulate and analyze cases regarding ‘other reasons to question the voluntariness of confession' under the Article 309 of the Korean Criminal Procedure Act.
It's been verified that there exist false confessions in our criminal procedure, and the myth that people will not make a false confession to incarcerate him or herself has to be corrected. And, it should be remembered that this myth can exacerbate the damages. False confession can be greatly reduced not by merely taking counter measures in a specific area but by taking comprehensive counter measures from the whole criminal procedures.
Keywords : false confession, the exclusionary rule for confession, interrogation, videotaped interrogation, the voluntariness of confession, the reliability of confession