The purpose of this research is to verify the influence of working environment of schools on teachers' burnout and engagement based on self-determination theory. To this end, Job Demands-Resources model was applied to schools in Korea in order to unde...
The purpose of this research is to verify the influence of working environment of schools on teachers' burnout and engagement based on self-determination theory. To this end, Job Demands-Resources model was applied to schools in Korea in order to understand the characteristics of working environment related to teachers' burnout and engagement.
Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model is a framework that helps to explain systematically how the demands and resources of a work environment affect burnout and engagement of employees. The strength of this model is that it is an integrative model that accounts for not just the negative sides of work but also the positive aspects. However, it has limitations in that it does not explain on what underlying mechanism the job demands and resources cause the workers to be either burned-out or engaged. This study aims to explore this underlying mechanism using Self-determination theory.
According to Self-determination theory (SDT), people are born with innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and how well these needs are satisfied in the individual's environment plays a critical role in his or her motivation and well-being. The satisfaction of these basic psychological needs drives intrinsic motivation, but under conditions that hinder the satisfaction of basic psychological needs motivation may decrease and there may be adverse effect.
JD-R model explains the relationship between working environment and well-being of employees, while SDT argues that the levels of individual's motivation and well-being depend on how well the basic psychological needs are met in the given environment. Based on SDT, this study set 'autonomous motivation' as the mediating variable. This study is to examine that autonomous motivation mediates the relationship between the working environment and the teachers' well-being in terms of the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs.
In order to achieve the above objective, the following questions were posed:
1. Is there a meaningful relationship between the work environment of schools and teachers' burnout/engagement?
2. Does the autonomous motivation mediate the relationship between the work environment and teachers' burnout/engagement?
875 teachers employed in middle and high school in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Jeollabuk-do were selected as subjects. The survey was conducted on 42 schools from the mid-June to the end of July in 2011. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling analysis using Amos 18.0 program. In order to evaluate the suitability of the research model, the goodness of fit was checked with χ2, RMSEA, CFI and TLI. Bootstrapping method was used to verify the significance of the mediating effect.
The findings are as follows: First, the research model (exogenous variable: job demands, job resources, mediating endogenous variable: autonomous motivation, final endogenous variable: burnout, engagement) was evaluated to a good fit. Second, out of the six paths set up between latent variables in the research model, five paths except the one for 'job demands → autonomous motivation' were found out to be significant(p<.001). As the participants were more aware of job demands, they showed higher rates of burnouts. However, as they perceived more job resources, they showed greater engagement and autonomous motivation. Also it was observed that as the level of autonomous motivation increased, the degree of burnout decreased and engagement increased. Third, the mediating effect of autonomous motivation in the relationship between job resources and engagement, and that between job resources and burnout was significant. Fourth, it appeared that the relationship between job resources and engagement was partially mediated by autonomous motivation. That is, the direct effect of the awareness of job resources on the teachers' engagement was significant, and so was the indirect effect of autonomous motivation on engagement. Fifth, it was ascertained that the relationship between job resources and burnout was completely mediated by autonomous motivation. It can be interpreted that as the teachers have more awareness of the job resources at school the higher the level of autonomous motivation, and as the level of autonomous motivation increases, the level of burnout decreases in consequences.
This research aimed at explaining, on the basis of SDT, the underlying mechanism that led job demands and resources to either burnout or engagement. This was done by examining whether autonomous motivation mediates the relationship between work environment that facilitates or threatens satisfaction of basic psychological needs and well-being of teachers. Schaufeli and Bakker(2004) who first proposed JD-R model named the process in which job resources lead to engagement 'motivational process'. That is, job resources boost intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, leading to greater engagement. The findings of this study support their explanation of motivational process. Furthermore, analysis of the findings based on SDT reveals that job resources related to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs promotes internalization of extrinsic motivation, resulting in greater autonomous motivation and engagement. Therefore, the findings of this study empirically supports the SDT's internalization of extrinsic motivation and at the same time, the motivational process proposed by Schaufeli and Bakker(2004).
Many researchers have pointed out the need to investigate the factors that protect teachers from burnout and the paths that can prevent burnout. This study found that the work environment of schools plays a critical role in preventing burnout and promoting engagement in teachers. There must be efforts to improve the psychosocial environment in schools that can enhance autonomous motivation in teachers by satisfying their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
There are a few things that must be taken into when interpreting the result of this research. First, the data was collected by convenience sampling, the representativeness of population is limited. Second, the data was collected through self-reported surveys, and thus, could have measurement errors resulting from the tendency to give positive responses due to social desirability. Third, this study is a cross-sectional study that all responses were measured at one point in time; therefore it could have errors in verifying the precise causal relationship. Especially, because 'internalization of extrinsic motivation' is presumed to be preceded by satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, a longitudinal study is required to prove the casuality. Fourth, this study focused on socio-contextual variables when setting antecedent variables for autonomous motivation, burnout and engagement. For further researches, taking the individual difference variables into account will elaborate the research model.