Abstract
STUDY ON THE REGULATIONS REGARDING THE ADMISSION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
- Analysis based on the Korea Foreign Investment Promotion Act and International Investment Agreements Concluded by the Republic of Korea -
Jon...
Abstract
STUDY ON THE REGULATIONS REGARDING THE ADMISSION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
- Analysis based on the Korea Foreign Investment Promotion Act and International Investment Agreements Concluded by the Republic of Korea -
Jong-Won Jeon
Graduate School of Law
Seoul National University
Foreign direct investment(FDI) has rapidly increased in the volume of its flow, and because it is characterized by the formation of long-term economic relations with the host country, foreigners’ participation in domestic corporations’ management activities, and transfer of tangible and intangible assets, it has a considerable economic, legal, and cultural effect on the host country. In consideration of such an effect, it is important to regulate the admission and establishment of FDI that can direct and, on the other hand, block its flow. Regarding this, South Korea has enacted and implemented the Korea Foreign Investment Promotion Act(FIPA), and, on the other hand, concluded many international investment agreements (IIAs) including market access commitments in the form of chapters of investment in free trade agreements(FTAs). In a current situation of South Korea’s regulation of the admission and establishment of FDI, this study explores the issues that can arise in enacting domestic legislation/regulation regarding the admission of FDI and in concluding and implementing new IIAs.
First, as the premises of discussions, Chapter 2 shows the importance of regulating the admission and establishment of FDI through the examination of the concept and statistical trends of the FDI and then introduces a time line of changes in perspective of such regulation. it also examines the important regulatory methods regarding the admission and establishment of FDI on the level of domestic legislation such as: selective sector exclusion, equity restriction, and screening law; as well as, the important models on the level of agreements such as: the investment control model, combined national treatment and most favored nation treatment model, selective liberalization model, and mutual national treatment model. Then it discusses the exceptional provisions to preserve domestic regulatory flexibility.
Based on the framework in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 analyzes the details of the regulation of the admission and establishment of FDI in the FIPA and IIAs concluded by South Korea. In particular, in relation to IIAs containing market access commitments, it reviews the legal principles of national treatment and most favored nation treatment pursuant to arbitration precedents of the NAFTA while focusing on the Korea-US FTA, which is based on the combined national treatment and most favored nation treatment model. It also takes a look at the detailed contents of general exceptions and reservations and investor-state dispute settlement procedures in the Korea-US FTA. Then it examines the contents of the Korea-EU FTA, which is based on the selective liberalization model, in comparison with the legal principles of contents of the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS).
Based on the discussions in Chapter 2 and 3, Chapter 4 stresses the necessity to take into consideration market access commitments and reservations in IIAs in enacting domestic legislation/regulation regarding the admission and establishment of FDI. Because regulation in the current FIPA is within the extent reserved in IIAs, there is no problem of violating commitments in IIAs. However, when strengthening the regulation of the admission of FDI according to future economic situations and changes in policy perspectives on foreign investment, the measure must be taken to meet the commitments in IIAs to avoid liabilities due to violations of them. In particular, because IIAs differ in the scope of domestic regulatory flexibility preserved through general exceptions and reservations, this must be analyzed accurately. Next, this chapter examines 'the system for the selection of industries and item types suitable for small and medium enterprises', which is a current social issue. Through this system, it analyzes the relationships between the domestic policy, which can cause de facto discrimination against the admission of foreign investors by limiting market admission in consideration of the sizes of corporations even though they do not directly regulate the admission of FDI, and IIAs, especially with a focus on the application of the principle of national treatment. Cause is necessary because the actual enforcement of this policy and the application of the national treatment, especially in the specific interpretations and applications of 'like circumstances' in the Korea-US FTA and ‘like establishments and investors’ in the Korea-EU FTA, may result in the violations of IIAs.
Chapter 5 presents precautions or improvements to be made, in concluding and implementing IIAs with market access commitments, based on considerations of the respective characteristics of the models selected with respect to the admission and establishment of FDI, bilateral agreement forms, dispute settlement procedures, and pre-establishment investment. First, in making market access commitments in agreements, a more careful review under democratic control procedure is necessary. In addition, in cases where the negative list method is selected, it is necessary to stipulate in IIAs systems where the revision of reservation lists can be discussed when new sectors emerge. It is also necessary to stipulate in IIAs systems where mutual understanding can be raised and discussions can be held in interpreting the principle of the national treatment regarding the admission of FDI. Furthermore, because South Korea has concluded IIAs that are based on diverse models and that have differences in the scope of general exceptions and reservations, the application of the principle of the most favored nation treatment must be taken into consideration in making market access commitments in IIAs in the future, and efforts to secure unity in their contents and forms must be made. Lastly, the necessity of acknowledging the investor-state dispute settlement procedures in the pre-established investment is examined, and the possible improvements to more effectively apply such dispute settlement procedures are discussed.