민주화 이후 인도네시아 마을정치의 지속과 변화 : 중부자바 수숙안(Susukan) 마을 사례연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study has been started from a small question found in the cultural characteristics of the Indonesian villages. There are the lights in front of each house which brighten
the road and help people pass by safely. The origin of theses lights come from the torch in front of the house in order to prevent looting by thieves in the colonial period of Indonesia. These torches started in order to keep their own village have turned into the electric lights by the village development policy of Suharto system.
But there were problems all expenses of electric light have been charged to village people. Suharto system has developed the villages just like this way. To reduce the development costs, they mobilized the residents and let them bear some part of project expenses. And they started to control the village. In this Suharto's strategy of village control, the organizations which performed the function of residents mobilization and surveillance were RW, RT, PKK of village organization. Besides PKK, RW and RT were the traditional self-organizations of village without special relation to central government. But Suharto succeeded in establishing the dependent political relationship between the government and the village utilizing these traditional self-organizations of village.
The changes of this dependent relation have faced new phase after the collapse of Suharto systems in 1998. Particularly the decentralization policies which guaranteed regional autonomy contributed a lot to derive the change of hierarchical political relations between the country and the provinces. The interesting thing is that village people are still spending their money for lightening the electric lights despite this change. And in this context, they are still following the programs designed by Suharto system even after the democratization.
Reviewing this background, this study hereby throws two questions. First, why are the village people still switching on the light in spite of weakening the state control and interference turning into democracy after collapse of authoritarian regimes? Second, are RW, RT, PKK of Suharto which controled the village still performing their functions of country control tools without democratic changes? The purpose of this study is to solve these questions related to the democratic consolidation of Indonesia. Most studies about Indonesia democracy in spite of investigating various targets and aspects have overlooked the villages the general publics are participating directly in politics. And few studies about the Indonesia village have selected RW, RT, PKK as the analysis units. So this study overcoming this kind of academic bias will contribute to examine the democracy of Indonesia from various angles.
The time range has been divided into two phase of Suharto system and post democratization. The survey of the village politics under Suharto system has been performed based on the existing literature and the testimony of persons experienced who participated in the organization at that time. And the case study of village politics after democratization has been researched focussing on Susukan village(Kelurahan) located in central Java in Indonesia. In this study, the field research by ethnographic approach has been done and those research skills such as participatory observation, conversation and interview have been used.
Reviewing the survey result briefly, RW's activities have been signicantly weakened after democratization. And the residents who are participating in RT and RT PKK are reusing these two organizations for village autonomy. But there also have been found continuous phenomenon that these two organizations are performing the assistant roles for the country affairs. In conclusion, the reason why RT and RT PKK which were the control organization in Suharto system has not disappeared is because those are set up based on the tradition of Indonesia village, while Suharto just utilized that tradition to control the village. But now as the government control disappear, the village organizations are re-generating their own autonomic function to activate the horizontal political participation of the residents and public discussions. Therefore, RT and RT PKK are performing the positive roles for the democratization of village politics as Indonesia village lamps are lightening for the safe of their neighbors.
Finally, this phenomenon shows indirectly that Indonesia can grow to consolidated democratic country.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1장 서론 1
• 제 1절 인도네시아 마을의 전등 1
• 제 2절 인도네시아 민주주의 연구와 논쟁 4
• 제 3절 연구대상 및 방법 8
• 제 4절 연구의 구성 11
• 제 5절 연구지 개관 12
• 제 2장 수하르또 체제의 마을통제 전략과 특징 17
• 제 1절 수하르또 체제의 중앙집권화 전략 17
• 1. 수하르또의 구상 17
• 2. RW, RT의 활성화와 PKK의 탄생 19
• 제 2절 RW, RT, PKK의 통제기능 24
• 1. 주민 동원기능 24
• 2. 주민 감시기능 26
• 제 3절 수하르또 체제와 수숙안(Susukan) 마을 28
• 1. 9.30 사태의 충격 28
• 2. 마을의 권력자 그리고 정부의 대리인 30
• 3. 통제의 도구: RW, RT, PKK 34
• 제 3장 민주화 이후 인도네시아 마을정치 39
• 제 1절 마을정치시스템의 지속과 변화 39
• 1. 통제시스템의 약화: RW의 기능약화 39
• 2. RT와 RT PKK의 구조 41
• 제 2절 조직의 운영과 활동 44
• 1. 통제시스템의 재활용 44
• 2. 낡은 프로그램: 행정보조 기능 46
• 3. 마을자치활동: 경제활동, 주민복지활동, 노력봉사(kerja bakti) 48
• 4. 정례회의 54
• 제 3절 정치적 가치관: 협력합의평등 58
• 제 4절 대표의 리더십: 기대와 현실의 사이에서 65
• 제4장 결론 69
• 제 1절 민주화 이후 마을 전등의 의미 69
• 제 2절 연구의 한계와 새로운 연구 제안 72
• 참고문헌 74