It is commonly evaluated that Chosun’s expostulation politics of confucian intellectuals had reached its zenith during the reign of King Sejong when the king proclaimed himself as a retaining sovereign and Scholar-Officer(Sadeaboo) bureaucracy was s...
It is commonly evaluated that Chosun’s expostulation politics of confucian intellectuals had reached its zenith during the reign of King Sejong when the king proclaimed himself as a retaining sovereign and Scholar-Officer(Sadeaboo) bureaucracy was stabilized. This paper starts from the following question; Why do we evaluate the reign of King Sejong as the blooming day of expostulation politics? In the context of expostulation politics, this paper aims to shed light on the reigns of King Taejo and Taejong as the preliminary stage of the reign of King Sejong. It provides some important evidences of King Sejong’s successful retaining of the dynasty. It also provides an opportunity for precisely understanding the sources that the mechanism of the reign of the Chosun dynasty had.
In fact, existing studies suggest that expostulation politics blossomed due to the ideals of politics of the Supreme Minister, i.e. politics entrusted to ministers, designed by Chung To-jun. So they explain that expostulation politics is related to unilateral superiority of vassals and King Taejo’s own apathy to politics. However, this interpretation only justifies expostulation politics as a successful challenges to and checks on regal power by vassals, and it rather overlooks the political tension between king and vassals during the reign of King Taejo. Moreover, the reign of King Taejong emphasizes the king’s efforts to overthrow the distorted superiority of vassals and to solidify foundations of regal power. In the process of strengthening regal power, King Taejong solidified his image as a power politician, which leads us to misunderstand that he developed an absolute prince and suppressed expostulation politics.
This study assumes that the politics of Chosun dynasty was indeed expostulation politics. It also assumes that expostulation politics was consistently developed from the process of founding Chosun dynasty. By doing so, this study traced the aspects of expostulation politics. In those works, it pays attention to the point that expostulation(kan-un) functioned as a heuristic to maintain political tension between king and vassals contrary to common understanding of reigns of King Taejo and Taejong.
Traditional understanding of the reign of King Taejo is formed by the stereotype that vassals who took parts in the founding dynasty checked and overwhelmed the regal power based on the ideology of Mutual-governance by king and vassals. However, King Taejo succeeded in establishing the regal power that could overwhelm vassals by introducing a system called “expostulation(kan-un)” of Daegan in settling with various issues. Therefore, the reign of King Taejo demonstrates the crossing of cooperative and hostile relationships between the king and vassals, as exertion of regal power and ideals of vassals collided. In this process, challenges of vassals through path of words(un-ro) in Daegan carried the meaning as an experiment to present a solution to the question of “Who Governs?” In that sense, personal agony of the king to exert regal power and interests of vassals to check the regal power all functioned as major variables in policy decision. Therefore, the clue of expostulation politics would be operation of the ruling mechanism that embraces both.
If we can evaluate that King Taejo’s regal power was systematized, rather than weakened by vassal power, it could be true that the image of King Taejong as a power politician who aimed at strengthening regal power was distorted. The reign of King Taejong must be divided into two big stages. The first half can be characterized by his exertion of autocratic power to strengthen regal power. During the stage when he secured political and military superiority, he could be seen as a tyrant who excluded consideration of ethics and morals. In the second half of his reign, King Taejong weakened the power of Supreme Deliberation Center(Uijeongbu) and dominated the decision making process and military power through Royal Secretariat(Sungjongwon) and Administrative Board(Yukjo). This is a major characteristic of expostulation politics which weakened the power of Uijeongbu and meritorious retainers who monopolized the political process and enabled more open and systematic participation. Indeed, the enduring theme through out the reign of King Taejong is constant systematization. As a result, the foundation of expostulation politics, which coincides with Confucian political doctrine, was established.
The political tension between the king and vassals through unro functioned as a safety seat belt that prevented concentration of political power and arbitrary exertion of power and maintained the health of the system. Especially during the period of King Taejo and Taejong, when it was the early period of the dynasty, Daegan checked the power of king and vassals both, functioned as a leverage to maintain balance of power, and consequently contributed to stability of political process. Unilateral communication by king or vassals or arbitrary exertion of power in the power structure of real-politik can destroy the unstable political foundation of a nascent dynasty. Therefore, it can be evaluated that harmony and balance of the power between king and vassals was driven by the political tension between king and vassals during the reigns of King Taejo and Taejong, as evidenced by systematization of Daegan. Developments and achievements during the reign of King Sejong is a clear proof of the stability of the dynasty established by his predecessors. In other words, glory of King Sejong came from his predecessors’ expostulation politics, where they operated public domain through words and language.
Finally, this study on the king-vassal relationship and expostulation politics during the Chosun dynasty can illuminate the following contemporary meanings. First, politics is a human activity conducted in language. Chosun Dynasty systematized a communication structure of formation of public opinion. Second, expostulation politics is a guarantee of checks and balances, the fundamental principle of democracy. Third, when communication is guaranteed, one of the positive functions of expostulation politics is that boarder-line between public and private domain can be clear. Fourth, Kan-un of Chosun Dynasty was considered as 'fair majority' and as 'vital force' of the country. The tradition of expostulation politics in Chosun Dynasty can expand scope of selection and application of western democracy. Fifth, it can provide an opportunity to strictly define the meaning of public opinion. Sixth, it casts us a question of what the proper role of media be in democracy. The Korean media, as a public mechanism, should watch, criticize, and encourage Korean politics. The core point is public opinion.