On April 5, 2009 in Prague, President Barack Obama proclaimed his vision of the world without nuclear weapons. This vision, reflected as the fundamental goal in the U.S. nuclear policy, is affecting the international nuclear management conditions, inc...
On April 5, 2009 in Prague, President Barack Obama proclaimed his vision of the world without nuclear weapons. This vision, reflected as the fundamental goal in the U.S. nuclear policy, is affecting the international nuclear management conditions, including the world nuclear non-proliferation system and nuclear disarmament. Especially after the 9·11, the transformation of the U.S. nuclear policy became evermore significant in a situation, where the possibility of nuclear weapon use to combine with the unpredictable nature of terrorist attacks has increased, consequently making nuclear terrorism as the most immediate and extreme threat today to not only the U.S., but also the international society.
Obama administration has released its Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) on April 6, 2010, to announce the specifications of the administration’s nuclear policy. The NPR report focuses on five key objectives of nuclear policy: Preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism; reducing the role of U.S. nuclear weapons in U.S. national security strategy; maintaining strategic deterrence and stability at lower nuclear force levels; strengthening regional deterrence and reassuring U.S. allies and partners; and sustaining a safe, secure, and effective nuclear arsenal. In addition, President Obama has taken other initiatives such as entering into the “New START” treaty with Russia on April 8, participating in the Nuclear Security Summit meeting on April 13, and holding the NPT Review Conference in May 3, to draw a final consensus on multi-lateral cooperation to include the whole international society in the stake. As such, President Obama has been leading in preventing nuclear terrorism and realizing non-proliferation of nuclear arms through bi and multi-lateral cooperation with the change in nuclear policy.
This paper aims to analyze the Obama administration’s nuclear policy in comparison with the Bush administration’s, to illuminate the changes and continuity of U.S. nuclear policy, and to evaluate the underlying traits and causes for such changes and continuity.
Obama administration’s nuclear policy concerning nuclear terrorism deters from the unilateral tone of Bush administration’s policy, and seeks for an international cooperation for effective execution of the U.S. nuclear policy and maintenance of nuclear security worldwide, and also for recovering the reliability and leadership of the U.S. government in the international society. There were differences in the ways both administrations dealt with nuclear terrorism. Whereas the Bush administration concentrated on terrorist groups, the Obama administration focused on the elimination of nuclear weapons, tackling the fundamental issue of nuclear disarmament.
In spite of such changes in the Obama’s administration’s nuclear policy, it has not completely excluded the possibility of nuclear weapon use as a part of its nuclear policies. In addition, specific action plans, such as the extent of nuclear forces, are not as innovative as to correspond to the administration’s stated goals. The administration is maintaining its strategic ambiguity by opposing to preemptive nuclear strike in principle, but keeping the possibility of adopting the use of nuclear weapon open in extreme predicaments. Such restrictions in innovating U.S. nuclear policy are due to circumstantial difficulties in reducing U.S. military force: U.S nuclear forces function not only as a defense for its own territory, but also as an extended deterrence to U.S. allies and partners. In conclusion, although Obama administration has attempted to change the underlying tone of the U.S. nuclear policy under the motto of “nuclear free world,” the fundamentals of U.S. nuclear policy had sustained through due to security for both the U.S. and its allies, and its role in the international society.
Up until now, the Obama administration’s nuclear policy has been evaluated positively as the first step towards a differentiated approach to nuclear policy. However, in order for the administration to overcome its immanent limits from the circumstantial restrictions and to reach a significant disarmament level, it will need to keep the reliability and transparency on action plans of nuclear forces. In order to fully realize the promise of a world without nuclear weapons, Obama and his administration must do more to change outdated thinking on national security and lead the international nuclear non-proliferation that would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear arsenals use by terrorist or any government and help to prevent further nuclear proliferation.