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    비확산규범의 집행에 관한 국제법적 연구 = (The) enforcement of international non-proliferation regimes from international legal perspective

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11988981

    • 저자
    • 발행사항

      서울 : 경희대학교 대학원, 2010

    • 학위논문사항

      학위논문(박사) -- 경희대학교 대학원 , 법학과 국제법전공 , 2010. 2

    • 발행연도

      2010

    • 작성언어

      한국어

    • DDC

      340 판사항(22)

    • 발행국(도시)

      서울

    • 형태사항

      xiv, 290 p. : 삽도 ; 26 cm

    • 일반주기명

      경희대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
      지도교수: 최승환
      참고문헌 : p. 263-283

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    부가정보

    국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    "비확산체제의 성공여부는 ‘핵비확산조약’과 ‘생물무기금지협약’의 의무 불이행에 대한 벌칙조항 도입, ‘생물무기금지협약’의 검증체제 도입, 다자간 수출통제체제의 기능개선과 규범강화, 안전보장이사회의 입법 및 제재 결의의 적극 활용과 아울러 비확산 관련조약 당사국 및 다자간 수출통제체제 참가국들의 상호 협력과 대량살상무기 및 관련물자의 취득과 수출통제에 관한 국내 관련법의 집행 능력과 강력한 실천의지에 달려 있다."
    번역하기

    "비확산체제의 성공여부는 ‘핵비확산조약’과 ‘생물무기금지협약’의 의무 불이행에 대한 벌칙조항 도입, ‘생물무기금지협약’의 검증체제 도입, 다자간 수출통제체제의 기능개선과 ...

    "비확산체제의 성공여부는 ‘핵비확산조약’과 ‘생물무기금지협약’의 의무 불이행에 대한 벌칙조항 도입, ‘생물무기금지협약’의 검증체제 도입, 다자간 수출통제체제의 기능개선과 규범강화, 안전보장이사회의 입법 및 제재 결의의 적극 활용과 아울러 비확산 관련조약 당사국 및 다자간 수출통제체제 참가국들의 상호 협력과 대량살상무기 및 관련물자의 취득과 수출통제에 관한 국내 관련법의 집행 능력과 강력한 실천의지에 달려 있다."

    더보기

    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    The purpose of this study is to identify limitations or problems existing in the current international nonproliferation regimes and present possible remedies, thereby ultimately enhancing the function of the regimes. To do so, this dissertation explores the components of the regimes such as treaties, multilateral export control normative system, verification mechanisms, together with the United Nations Security Council legislative and sanctions resolutions and interdiction principles of Proliferation Security Initiative, and so on from international legal perspective with focus on the implementation and enforcement of the regimes' norms at the international and national level.



    In response to growing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the international community has developed an interlocking set of treaties, conventions, arrangements, and verification mechanism collectively referred to as the "International Non-proliferation Regime." The regime includes components that address nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, missile delivery systems, and the materials, and technologies needed to produce such weapons.
    The regime's components can be placed into three main categories: treaties and agreements establishing norms and legal obligations; tools to verify compliance; and systems to control the means of producing weapons. Norms against the development, possession, acquisition, or transfer of WMD are traditionally established through multilateral, legally binding treaties. Such treaties exist for nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, but not for missiles.
    Verification of non-proliferation obligations encompassed in these treaties is typically carried out by neutral, third-party organizations with the technical assets needed to conduct both routine and special inspections. Such organizations exist in nuclear and chemical areas, and one is contemplated in the case of biological weapons.
    Last, members within the various regimes have established "supplier control mechanism" that seeks to limit access to sensitive technology and equipment to states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. While these control regimes have been attacked in some quarters as overly restrictive, they have proved effective in slowing the pace of proliferation, if not stopping it completely.



    The centerpiece of the nuclear nonproliferation regime is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The treaty defines nuclear weapons state as those states that had manufactured and detonated nuclear weapons prior to January 1, 1967. The treaty thus allows five nuclear powers, the United States, Great Britain, Russia, France and China, to manufacture and possess nuclear weapons, but prohibits the transfer of such weapons to other states. All other states parties to the NPT have agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons in return for assistance in developing peaceful uses for nuclear power.
    The chief means of verification for the compliance with NPT obligations are through inspections conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA is empowered to conduct "special inspections" if a state party reports a loss of inspected material, but is not authorized to take any action if it suspects that clandestine nuclear programs are taking place at undisclosed sites. In the event it discovers a violation, the IAEA is to report to the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly, as with other non-proliferation agreements. Neither NPT nor IAEA regulations provide for any penalty in case of breach.
    The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the first of its kind, prohibits manufacturing and stockpiling of chemical weapons. The CWC calls for all state parties to eliminate their chemical weapons supplies by 2007 and restrict their trade in precursors - chemicals that can be used in the production of weapons as well as for peaceful uses to other states parties. States parties agree to cease producing and stockpiling of weapons, declare all facilities that produce restricted chemicals for non-prohibited uses, submit to verification inspections, and enact legislation implementing the CWC, including criminalizing violations.
    The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) monitors the enforcement the CWC. The OPCW carries out routine inspections of the relevant facilities on the territory of States Parties to verify the accuracy of annual declarations regarding scheduled chemicals. The organization may also carry out a challenge inspection in response to allegations of noncompliance by one state party to another.
    Biological weapons were first addressed in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which banned their use of the chemical and biological weapons during wartime only. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) addresses the development, production, acquisition, or stockpiling of microbial or other biological agents, or toxins. States parties to the BWC undertake to prohibit the above-mentioned forbidden conduct, destroy such weapons, and not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever, and not in the way to assist, encourage, or induce any state. The BWC is presently of limited practical effectiveness because it lacks provisions for verification to enforce its proscriptions. Efforts are underway to negotiate a protocol to strengthen the BWC.
    Multilateral export control regimes, including Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), Australia Group (AG), Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), and Wassenaar Arrangements (WA), are informal, voluntary associations of governments, which seek to contribute to the non-proliferation of various weapons through the implementation of guidelines for WMD, missile and conventional arms-related dual-use goods and technologies. The regimes are not bound by any treaty, and therefore have no formal mechanism to enforce compliance. Participants in the regime do not undertake any legally binding obligations. The export control guidelines are implemented by each participating government in accordance with its national laws and polices on the basis of national discretion.



    UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540, addresses a number of fundamental limitations of the existing non-proliferation treaties and regimes system. One of the foremost problems challenging the effectiveness of such treaties and regimes is the problem of the non-universality of the system, a result of the fact traditionally all such treaties and regimes are adopted voluntarily by states, and that for a variety reasons many states, often including some of significant proliferation concern, have remained outside the regime system. In addition, on the national regulatory level, degrees of development and effectiveness of export control systems vary significantly among states.
    A second major challenge to the non-proliferation treaties and regimes system, referred to as the non-state actor problems, is the fact that all existing restrictions within the treaties and regimes upon manufacture, development, possession, and transfer in WMD-related goods and technologies are addressed states themselves. Thus at the international level there is no substantive restriction on private parties, including business entities as well as other non-state actors, engaging in any of these activities. In this regard, the UNSCR 1540 is very meaningful in that it was designed to fill gaps in the normative structure of the treaties and regimes system, using binding authority of the UN Security Council's powers under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter.
    While UNSCR 1540 was adopted under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter, the Resolution did not provide any enforcement authority. However, when states do not comply with UNSCR 1540 for lack of will, the Security Council might impose sanctions on them until bona fide efforts at compliance are made. While UNSCR 1540 does not specifically allow for such sanctions, it does state that the Security Council intends to "take further decisions that may be required" for enforcement of the Resolution. Moreover, it would be difficult for any state to argue that the subject matter of WMD proliferation is not such that the Security Council powers to act would be enlivened under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter.



    The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) states' ability to intercept and search vessels in their territorial seas and contiguous zone may require the consent of the flag-state, unless the vessels' passage is non-innocent. The interdiction of aircraft suspected of carrying WMD and related materials that occurs in national airspace raises fewer legal issues, since there is no right of innocent passage through airspace. However, international law calls for "due regard" to the safety of civil aircraft. Measures involving the use of force to deny aircraft passage or to enforce landings for inspections could raise objections from other nations.
    The 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) would require states to criminalize transportation of WMD and related materials. This protocol also "creates a ship-boarding regime based on flag state consent similar to bilateral agreements between the United States and flag of convenience states. A further step could be adoption of a UN resolution that would provide for interdiction activities under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter, which allows the Security Council to authorize sanctions or the use of force to compel nations to comply its resolutions. The explicit authorization by the UN Security Council would be probably the firmest legal basis for interdicting WMD materials.
    As mentioned above, international law recognizes that states have the right to interdict vessels and aircraft in certain limited circumstances; however, that legal authority that would allow PSI nations completely "to halt shipments of dangerous technologies to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern - at sea, in the air, and on land" appears doubtful under the current state of international law.
    The right of self-defence traditionally recognized in international law affords a state the right to take proportionate measures, including the use of force, that are necessary to protect itself from imminent harm. Traditionally, the right included the use of force to forestall an armed attack. The traditional right could include not only the visit and search of a vessel but also its seizure or destruction. However, the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence under the UN Charter should be strictly applied to vessels suspected of carrying WMD and its materials according to Webster formula.
    Although nonproliferation treaties and multilateral export control regimes have had important restraining effects on the WMD proliferation, it is apparent that the treaty or conventions only apply to states that choose to join and remain party thereto. Non-state parties may have difficulty procuring WMD-related technology and materials from state parties to the respective treaties, but may trade freely among themselves and are under no legal limitations to refrain from stockpiling such weapons or transferring them to rogue states, terrorist groups and other entities. State parties participate on a voluntary basis, and may choose to back out of the treaty or conventions at any time, as was the case when North Korea pulled out of the NPT. The success of the international nonproliferation system depends on the cooperation of member states and their ability and willingness to enforce their own laws proscribing acquisitions and exports of WMD, missiles and their related materials.
    번역하기

    The purpose of this study is to identify limitations or problems existing in the current international nonproliferation regimes and present possible remedies, thereby ultimately enhancing the function of the regimes. To do so, this dissertation explor...

    The purpose of this study is to identify limitations or problems existing in the current international nonproliferation regimes and present possible remedies, thereby ultimately enhancing the function of the regimes. To do so, this dissertation explores the components of the regimes such as treaties, multilateral export control normative system, verification mechanisms, together with the United Nations Security Council legislative and sanctions resolutions and interdiction principles of Proliferation Security Initiative, and so on from international legal perspective with focus on the implementation and enforcement of the regimes' norms at the international and national level.



    In response to growing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the international community has developed an interlocking set of treaties, conventions, arrangements, and verification mechanism collectively referred to as the "International Non-proliferation Regime." The regime includes components that address nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, missile delivery systems, and the materials, and technologies needed to produce such weapons.
    The regime's components can be placed into three main categories: treaties and agreements establishing norms and legal obligations; tools to verify compliance; and systems to control the means of producing weapons. Norms against the development, possession, acquisition, or transfer of WMD are traditionally established through multilateral, legally binding treaties. Such treaties exist for nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, but not for missiles.
    Verification of non-proliferation obligations encompassed in these treaties is typically carried out by neutral, third-party organizations with the technical assets needed to conduct both routine and special inspections. Such organizations exist in nuclear and chemical areas, and one is contemplated in the case of biological weapons.
    Last, members within the various regimes have established "supplier control mechanism" that seeks to limit access to sensitive technology and equipment to states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. While these control regimes have been attacked in some quarters as overly restrictive, they have proved effective in slowing the pace of proliferation, if not stopping it completely.



    The centerpiece of the nuclear nonproliferation regime is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The treaty defines nuclear weapons state as those states that had manufactured and detonated nuclear weapons prior to January 1, 1967. The treaty thus allows five nuclear powers, the United States, Great Britain, Russia, France and China, to manufacture and possess nuclear weapons, but prohibits the transfer of such weapons to other states. All other states parties to the NPT have agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons in return for assistance in developing peaceful uses for nuclear power.
    The chief means of verification for the compliance with NPT obligations are through inspections conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA is empowered to conduct "special inspections" if a state party reports a loss of inspected material, but is not authorized to take any action if it suspects that clandestine nuclear programs are taking place at undisclosed sites. In the event it discovers a violation, the IAEA is to report to the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly, as with other non-proliferation agreements. Neither NPT nor IAEA regulations provide for any penalty in case of breach.
    The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the first of its kind, prohibits manufacturing and stockpiling of chemical weapons. The CWC calls for all state parties to eliminate their chemical weapons supplies by 2007 and restrict their trade in precursors - chemicals that can be used in the production of weapons as well as for peaceful uses to other states parties. States parties agree to cease producing and stockpiling of weapons, declare all facilities that produce restricted chemicals for non-prohibited uses, submit to verification inspections, and enact legislation implementing the CWC, including criminalizing violations.
    The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) monitors the enforcement the CWC. The OPCW carries out routine inspections of the relevant facilities on the territory of States Parties to verify the accuracy of annual declarations regarding scheduled chemicals. The organization may also carry out a challenge inspection in response to allegations of noncompliance by one state party to another.
    Biological weapons were first addressed in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which banned their use of the chemical and biological weapons during wartime only. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) addresses the development, production, acquisition, or stockpiling of microbial or other biological agents, or toxins. States parties to the BWC undertake to prohibit the above-mentioned forbidden conduct, destroy such weapons, and not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever, and not in the way to assist, encourage, or induce any state. The BWC is presently of limited practical effectiveness because it lacks provisions for verification to enforce its proscriptions. Efforts are underway to negotiate a protocol to strengthen the BWC.
    Multilateral export control regimes, including Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), Australia Group (AG), Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), and Wassenaar Arrangements (WA), are informal, voluntary associations of governments, which seek to contribute to the non-proliferation of various weapons through the implementation of guidelines for WMD, missile and conventional arms-related dual-use goods and technologies. The regimes are not bound by any treaty, and therefore have no formal mechanism to enforce compliance. Participants in the regime do not undertake any legally binding obligations. The export control guidelines are implemented by each participating government in accordance with its national laws and polices on the basis of national discretion.



    UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540, addresses a number of fundamental limitations of the existing non-proliferation treaties and regimes system. One of the foremost problems challenging the effectiveness of such treaties and regimes is the problem of the non-universality of the system, a result of the fact traditionally all such treaties and regimes are adopted voluntarily by states, and that for a variety reasons many states, often including some of significant proliferation concern, have remained outside the regime system. In addition, on the national regulatory level, degrees of development and effectiveness of export control systems vary significantly among states.
    A second major challenge to the non-proliferation treaties and regimes system, referred to as the non-state actor problems, is the fact that all existing restrictions within the treaties and regimes upon manufacture, development, possession, and transfer in WMD-related goods and technologies are addressed states themselves. Thus at the international level there is no substantive restriction on private parties, including business entities as well as other non-state actors, engaging in any of these activities. In this regard, the UNSCR 1540 is very meaningful in that it was designed to fill gaps in the normative structure of the treaties and regimes system, using binding authority of the UN Security Council's powers under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter.
    While UNSCR 1540 was adopted under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter, the Resolution did not provide any enforcement authority. However, when states do not comply with UNSCR 1540 for lack of will, the Security Council might impose sanctions on them until bona fide efforts at compliance are made. While UNSCR 1540 does not specifically allow for such sanctions, it does state that the Security Council intends to "take further decisions that may be required" for enforcement of the Resolution. Moreover, it would be difficult for any state to argue that the subject matter of WMD proliferation is not such that the Security Council powers to act would be enlivened under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter.



    The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) states' ability to intercept and search vessels in their territorial seas and contiguous zone may require the consent of the flag-state, unless the vessels' passage is non-innocent. The interdiction of aircraft suspected of carrying WMD and related materials that occurs in national airspace raises fewer legal issues, since there is no right of innocent passage through airspace. However, international law calls for "due regard" to the safety of civil aircraft. Measures involving the use of force to deny aircraft passage or to enforce landings for inspections could raise objections from other nations.
    The 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) would require states to criminalize transportation of WMD and related materials. This protocol also "creates a ship-boarding regime based on flag state consent similar to bilateral agreements between the United States and flag of convenience states. A further step could be adoption of a UN resolution that would provide for interdiction activities under Chapter Ⅶ of the UN Charter, which allows the Security Council to authorize sanctions or the use of force to compel nations to comply its resolutions. The explicit authorization by the UN Security Council would be probably the firmest legal basis for interdicting WMD materials.
    As mentioned above, international law recognizes that states have the right to interdict vessels and aircraft in certain limited circumstances; however, that legal authority that would allow PSI nations completely "to halt shipments of dangerous technologies to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern - at sea, in the air, and on land" appears doubtful under the current state of international law.
    The right of self-defence traditionally recognized in international law affords a state the right to take proportionate measures, including the use of force, that are necessary to protect itself from imminent harm. Traditionally, the right included the use of force to forestall an armed attack. The traditional right could include not only the visit and search of a vessel but also its seizure or destruction. However, the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence under the UN Charter should be strictly applied to vessels suspected of carrying WMD and its materials according to Webster formula.
    Although nonproliferation treaties and multilateral export control regimes have had important restraining effects on the WMD proliferation, it is apparent that the treaty or conventions only apply to states that choose to join and remain party thereto. Non-state parties may have difficulty procuring WMD-related technology and materials from state parties to the respective treaties, but may trade freely among themselves and are under no legal limitations to refrain from stockpiling such weapons or transferring them to rogue states, terrorist groups and other entities. State parties participate on a voluntary basis, and may choose to back out of the treaty or conventions at any time, as was the case when North Korea pulled out of the NPT. The success of the international nonproliferation system depends on the cooperation of member states and their ability and willingness to enforce their own laws proscribing acquisitions and exports of WMD, missiles and their related materials.

    더보기

    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • 제1장 序 論 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 4
    • 제2장 국제비확산체제 7
    • 제1장 序 論 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 4
    • 제2장 국제비확산체제 7
    • 제1절 비확산체제의 의의 7
    • 1. 비확산체제의 배경 및 필요성 7
    • 가. 비확산체제의 성립배경 7
    • 나. 비확산의 개념 9
    • 2. 대량살상무기 및 미사일 확산 11
    • 가. 대량살상무기의 특징 11
    • 나. 대량살상무기 및 미사일 확산동향 17
    • 제2절 핵무기 비확산체제 23
    • 1. 핵비확산조약 23
    • 가. 당사국의 준수의무 23
    • 나. 수출통제 26
    • 다. 핵무기 사용금지 27
    • 라. 지역별 비핵지대 28
    • 마. 핵물질 방호 30
    • 2. 쟁거위원회 31
    • 가. 설립배경 31
    • 나. 통제품목 및 가이드라인 32
    • 다. 준수 및 검증 33
    • 3. 핵공급국그룹 33
    • 가. 수출통제 가이드라인 및 통제품목 34
    • 나. 수출거부존중규칙 36
    • 다. 쟁거위원회 및 핵비확산조약과 핵공급국그룹과의 관계 37
    • 라. 준수 및 검증 37
    • 마. 조직 및 의결방식 37
    • 제3절 생화학무기 비확산체제 39
    • 1. 1925 제네바 의정서 39
    • 가. 탄생배경 및 의의 39
    • 나. 의정서의 주요내용 40
    • 다. 문제점 40
    • 2. 생물무기금지협약 41
    • 가. 성립배경 41
    • 나. 당사국의 준수의무 42
    • 다. 생물무기금지협약상의 수출통제 44
    • 3. 화학무기금지협약 44
    • 가. 성립배경 및 의의 44
    • 나. 당사국의 준수의무 45
    • 다. 화학무기금지협약의 수출통제 47
    • 4. 호주그룹 50
    • 가. 성립배경 및 목적 50
    • 나. 수출통제 원칙 51
    • 다. 수출통제품목 52
    • 라. 수출거부존중규칙 53
    • 제4절 미사일 비확산체제 54
    • 1. 미사일기술통제체제 54
    • 가. 성립배경 54
    • 나. 수출통제의 목적과 원칙 55
    • 다. 통제품목 및 수출요건 55
    • 라. 기술통제 56
    • 마. 캐치올 통제 57
    • 바. 검증, 제재 및 조직 57
    • 2. 탄도미사일 확산방지를 위한 헤이그 행동규범 58
    • 가. 채택 배경 58
    • 나. 주요 내용 59
    • 다. 법적성격, 조직, 참가 및 운영 59
    • 제5절 재래식 무기 통제체제 61
    • 1. 바세나르체제 61
    • 가. 수출통제 원칙 및 정보교환 62
    • 나. 통제품목리스트 63
    • 다. 전략기술의 수출통제 63
    • 라. 재래식 무기 수출통제 64
    • 마. 캐치올 통제 66
    • 바. 준수, 검증, 조직 및 의결 66
    • 2. 재래식 무기 관련 조약 67
    • 가. 대인지뢰금지협약 67
    • 나. 클러스터폭탄금지조약 68
    • 다. 무기무역조약 69
    • 라. 재래식 무기 이전등록 72
    • 제6절 확산방지구상 74
    • 1. 확산방지구상의 의의 74
    • 2. 확산방지구상 저지원칙선언 75
    • 3. 해상 및 항공운송 저지 76
    • 4. 성격, 운영 및 조직 77
    • 5. 차단훈련 및 저지사례 78
    • 6. 확산방지구상과 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 78
    • 가. 확산방지구상과 유엔 안전보장이사회 1540호 78
    • 나. 확산방지구상과 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1874호 79
    • 제7절 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 81
    • 1. 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1540호 81
    • 가. 탄생배경 81
    • 나. 법적성격 및 의의 82
    • 다. 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1540호의 특징과 내용 83
    • 2. 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1373호 86
    • 가. 제재배경 및 성격 86
    • 나. 제재내용 87
    • 다. 이행감시위원회 87
    • 3. 유엔 안전보장이사회의 경제제재 88
    • 가. 유엔 안전보장이사회의 제재근거 88
    • 나. 유엔 안전보장이사회 제재의 범위 및 유형 88
    • 다. 제재조치의 유효기간 89
    • 라. 제재의 준수 및 집행 90
    • 마. 유엔 안전보장이사회 제재의 증가 91
    • 제3장 비확산규범 유형별 이행 및 집행에 관한 분석 및 평가 93
    • 제1절 대량살상무기 비확산 관련 조약 집행의 유형별 분석 93
    • 1. 핵비확산조약의 이행과 집행 93
    • 가. 핵비확산조약과 국제원자력기구의 안전조치 93
    • 나. 국제원자력기구 93
    • 다. 안전조치 94
    • 라. 위반제재 97
    • 2. 화학무기금지협약의 이행과 집행 99
    • 가. 화학무기금지기구 99
    • 나. 화학무기금지협약 이행검증시스템 100
    • 다. 위반제재 및 사례 104
    • 라. 주요국가의 화학무기금지협약 이행 107
    • 3. 생물무기금지협약의 이행과 집행 108
    • 가. 이행검증체제 부재 108
    • 나. 검증의정서 제정추진 109
    • 다. 신뢰구축조치의 이행 111
    • 라. 위반제재 112
    • 제2절 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의의 이행 및 집행 113
    • 1. 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1540호의 이행과 집행 113
    • 가. 집행기구 113
    • 나. 회원국의 유엔 안전보장이사회 결의 1540호 이행실적 114
    • 다. 불이행 제재 116
    • 2. 특정국을 대상으로 하는 유엔 경제제재의 이행 및 집행 116
    • 3. 유엔의 대이란 제재사례 118
    • 가. 유엔 안전보장이사회의 제재배경 118
    • 나. 제재내용 119
    • 다. 제재품목의 범위 121
    • 라. 제재품목의 법적구속력 부여 121
    • 마. 1737 위원회 122
    • 4. 유엔의 대북한 제재사례 123
    • 가. 제재배경 및 제재내용 123
    • 나. 1718 위원회 125
    • 5. 미․일․한국의 국내 이행 및 집행 128
    • 가. 미국의 이행 및 집행 128
    • 나. 일본의 이행 및 집행 134
    • 다. 한국의 이행 및 집행 138
    • 제3절 다자간수출통제체제의 국내법적 이행 및 집행 142
    • 1. 미국의 수출통제 이행 및 집행 142
    • 가. 수출관리법과 수출관리규정 145
    • 나. 무기수출통제법 147
    • 다. 원자력법 148
    • 라. 수출통제 집행 149
    • 2. 일본의 수출통제 이행 및 집행 151
    • 가. 외국환및외국무역법 151
    • 나. 중개 및 환적 통제 154
    • 다. 기술이전 통제 154
    • 라. 수출통제 집행 156
    • 3. 한국의 수출통제 이행 및 집행 158
    • 가. 개황 158
    • 나. 통제품목 및 수출허가 158
    • 다. 전략물자관리원 160
    • 라. 벌칙 및 제재 161
    • 제4절 비확산 규범의 집행관련 사례 162
    • 1. 미국 본사의 해외자회사에 대한 집행 사례 162
    • 가. Fruehauf v. Massardy 사건 162
    • 나. 시베리아 가스파이프라인 사건 163
    • 다. 평석 165
    • 2. 미국의 재수출통제 위반 및 처벌 사례 165
    • 가. 사건 및 처벌 내용 165
    • 나. 시사점 166
    • 3. 범세계적 핵 확산 사례 167
    • 가. 개요 167
    • 나. 시사점 168
    • 4. 확산방지구상 관련 서산호 사건 170
    • 가. 사건 개요 170
    • 나. 국제법적 시사점 170
    • 제5절 비확산규범의 이행 및 집행 체제에 대한 평가 171
    • 1. 대량살상무기 관련 조약의 집행에 대한 평가 171
    • 2. 다자간 수출통제체제의 집행에 대한 평가 173
    • 3. 유엔 안전보장이사회의 집행에 대한 평가 174
    • 제4장 비확산규범의 집행에 따른 국제법상의 쟁점 176
    • 제1절 비확산규범의 법적구속력 176
    • 1. 대량살상무기 관련 조약의 법적구속력 176
    • 2. 다자간 수출통제 규범의 법적구속력 178
    • 제2절 비확산규범의 국내적 적용 181
    • 1. 대량살상무기 비확산 관련 조약의 국내적 적용과 효력 181
    • 2. 국제기구 결정의 국내법적 효력과 적용 185
    • 제3절 국내 비확산규범의 역외적용 187
    • 1. 입법관할권과 집행관할권 187
    • 2. 역외적용의 국제법적 근거 188
    • 3. 역외집행에 대한 안전보장이사회의 태도 189
    • 4. 국제안보를 위한 역외집행의 정당성 190
    • 제4절 확산방지구상의 국제규범성 및 적법성 검토 192
    • 1. 확산방지구상 저지원칙의 내용 192
    • 2. 영해관할권과 무해통항권의 충돌여부 193
    • 3. 영공관할권과의 충돌여부 197
    • 4. 공해자유의 원칙과의 충돌여부 198
    • 5. 확산방지구상의 적법성 확보를 위한 대안 199
    • 가. 양자 간 승선협정 199
    • 나. 항해안전에 대한 불법행위억제협약 201
    • 6. 자위권을 근거로 한 저지활동의 정당성 문제 202
    • 제5절 북한 확산방지구상의 정당성 검토 205
    • 1. 한국의 확산방지구상 참가 205
    • 가. 배경 및 필요성 205
    • 나. 북한의 반대 206
    • 2. 국제사회의 대북 금융제재 207
    • 가. 북한의 대량살상무기 자금조달 207
    • 나. 마카오 BDA 은행 돈세탁 사례 209
    • 3. 대북한 확산방지구상에 대한 평가 210
    • 가. 대북 대량살상무기 확산방지의 국제법적 근거 및 한계 210
    • 나. 대북 확산방지 평가 및 집행 개선방안 212
    • 제6절 국제통상법상 안보예외의 적용문제 213
    • 1. 국제통상법상 국가안보의 의미 213
    • 2. 안보예외를 허용하는 국제통상규범의 유형 214
    • 3. 비확산수출통제에 있어 안보예외 적용의 한계 217
    • 가. 자국의 중대한 안보이익 판단기준 218
    • 나. 기타 비상사태의 의미 220
    • 다. 정보의 공개 및 통보 기준 220
    • 라. GATT 일반조항과의 관계 221
    • 마. 일반 국제법과의 관계 222
    • 4. 비확산수출통제체제와 안보예외의 조화문제 222
    • 가. 비확산수출통제체제와 안보예외의 관련성 222
    • 나. 비확산수출통제체제와 안보예외의 조화여부 225
    • 제7절 유엔안전보장이사회 입법기능의 정당성 227
    • 1. 유엔안전보장이사회 입법기능의 의의 227
    • 2. 유엔안전보장이사회의 입법례 229
    • 3. 유엔안전보장이사회 입법기능의 정당성 문제 231
    • 가. 안전보장이사회 입법기능의 의의와 한계 231
    • 나. 안전보장이사회 입법기능의 정당성 확보 방안 233
    • 제5장 비확산체제의 효과적인 집행을 위한 개선방안 235
    • 제1절 대량살상무기 관련 조약의 한계와 문제점 235
    • 1. 핵비확산조약의 한계 235
    • 2. 화학무기금지조약의 한계 236
    • 3. 생물무기금지조약의 한계 237
    • 4. 주요 우려국의 대량살상무기 관련 조약 불참 238
    • 5. 조약 등에서 용어 정의의 부재 또는 불명확성 238
    • 6. 개인, 기업 등 비국가행위자에 대한 규제 결여 239
    • 제2절 다자간 수출통제체제의 한계와 문제점 241
    • 1. 다자체제의 비공식 구조 및 제도적 결함 241
    • 2. 수출통제 가이드라인의 모호성 242
    • 3. 기술변화와 확산에 대한 수출통제의 문제점 242
    • 4. 다자간 수출통제체제의 보편성 결여 244
    • 5. 총의 의결방식의 문제점 246
    • 6. 참가국 상호간 정보공유의 불충분 246
    • 7. 사무국 등 상설 조직의 부재 247
    • 제3절 비확산체제의 효과적 집행을 위한 개선방안과 과제 248
    • 1. 비확산체제의 규범강화 248
    • 가. 핵확산 통제강화를 위한 조약 개정 248
    • 나. 미사일 비확산 조약 제정 및 검증기구 설립추진 249
    • 다. 유엔 안전보장이사회의 입법기능 확대 249
    • 2. 보편성의 개선 250
    • 3. 검증체제 구축 및 강화 251
    • 4. 벌칙 도입 및 제재 강화 252
    • 5. 다자간 수출통제체제의 강화 253
    • 가. 다자간 수출통제체제의 기능개선 253
    • 나. 다자체제 참가국의 이행 및 집행 강화 254
    • 6. 다자체제 의결방식 개선 255
    • 7. 사무국 설치 및 협력 강화 256
    • 제6장 結論 257
    • 參考文獻 263
    • ABSTRACT 284
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