Any country is bound to adopt a power structure compatible to its own political culture and circumstances of the times. The political power structures in these days can be roughly classified into the following three types: the presidential system, the...
Any country is bound to adopt a power structure compatible to its own political culture and circumstances of the times. The political power structures in these days can be roughly classified into the following three types: the presidential system, the parliamentary government, and the hybrid system between the two.
Except the short experience of parliamentary government in the Second Republic, Korea has kept to the presidential system until now since the birth of its First Republic. Even though our contemporary government basically takes from the American presidential system, it is quite doubted whether the system is congruent to our political culture. This skepticism might result from the fact that our government structure has given rise to lots of side effects because of its power concentration to one person, that is, the president. A serious problem here is that these abuses are working as a fatal impediment to national competitiveness by hampering our political development and effective state management. Needless to say, this is why the decentralized presidentialism recently gets attention as a key solution for Korea's political reform.
Not to speak of the Rhee Syngman government based on paternalistic authoritarianism and the era of despotic rule with an iron fist by Park Chung Hee and Chun Too Hwan, Korean politics even since the 1987 democratization, still exposing various deep-rooted political ills, has long been stalled in a stalemate without reaching at sound democratic consolidation. It is largely acknowledged by most ordinary people, let alone the majority of politicians and specialists, that these negative political phenomena result mainly from the abuses of the presidential system. Especially ordinary people become sick and tired of the evils of monarchical presidentialism. Even so, they do not seem to prefer so much a parliamentary government system that had been once failed at the time of the Second Republic. This tells us that many people want third solutions suitable to our political culture, which are neither of presidential nor parliamentary system. One of the third solutions would be a divided presidential system, which is to be dealt in this study.
Taking into account recently heated debates on whether modifying the current presidential system to delegate large portion of the president's authority to other government bodies like the Prime Minister or amending the constitution to adopt a semi-presidential system, this study examines problems of the present presidentialism and attempts to scrutinize the propriety of introducing a divided presidential system into the contemporary Korean politics.
First of all, this study pays attention to theoretical considerations on division of powers and the types of government in the presidential system. The American presidential system can be regarded as an ideal type since it realizes the rule by the administrative, the legislature, and judiciary branch based on the strict principle of the division of powers. However, it is also true that the American system often bring about no small problems, especially of despotisation, concentration and abuses of powers, and the subsequent rampancy of corruptions and irresponsible politics, when it is operating in different soils outside the United States. Focusing on these negative evidences, we need to review American scholars' critical viewpoints and evaluations on the presidential system.
This study also examines the transitional process of the power structure and the characteristics of the past successive governments since the 1948 founding of the Republic of Korea to figure out their mechanisms and operational limits. This attempt is expected to be helpful in understanding the historical roots and problems of our present power structure.
Then this study analyses the urgent structural problems of the current presidential system, grasps the phases of debates on constitutional amendment since the democratization, and scrutinizes the necessity and direction for constitutional revision of the present power structure.
Finally, this study diagnoses the appropriateness of introducing a divided presidential system. After reviewing the propriety of the French-type of semi-presidential system as a model for the divided presidential system, this study considers the features of the divided presidential system and its applicability to Korean political soil, then provides concrete steps towards its institutionalization.
When paying attention to the facts that we live in a globalized and information-oriented world in the 21st century, and that it has been over 20 years since the 1987 constitution, it needs hardly to be said that our timeworn power structure should be reformed into a new type befitting the present age. It would be awkward if the debates on the constitutional reform are simply centered on whether it adopts the four-year-term presidentialism allowing one reappointment or keeps the current five-year- single-term presidential tenure. We should deliberate ways to reach at true democratic consolidation after democratization. This means our power structure should be reformed to secure the division of powers. Not until a structure in which the administrative, legislature, and judiciary bodies are rightly working based on the principle of checks and balances is established, the Korean political society can not have sincere productive political process.