In the Cold War period, the international community's greatest hope was to live in a world that was free from the East-West confrontation and, subsequently, from the threat of nuclear war. Therefore, when the reunification of East and West Germany wa...
In the Cold War period, the international community's greatest hope was to live in a world that was free from the East-West confrontation and, subsequently, from the threat of nuclear war. Therefore, when the reunification of East and West Germany was achieved and the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union came to an end, the international community anticipated the dawn of the age of peace without war. It is almost twenty years since the Cold War came to an end, but the present world has been suffering from more conflicts than the ones during the Cold War period.
The deepening of globalization and the post-Cold War and the ensuing conflicts have brought the change of security environment and the expansion of security concept. There began to emerge a new view that not just the traditional military security but also the non-traditional security issues such as human rights, poverty, drugs, terrorism, the environment, refugees should be preperly tackled. As a result, the United Nations, together with governments and non-governmental organizations, began to perceive non-traditional security issues as well as traditional security issues as problem of comprehensive security that poses a challenge for the human welfare and safety.
As part of such efforts, the United Nations Development Programmes' determined seven categories of human security in its 1994 'Human Development Report.' Among them, the 'food security', which can be defined as a state in which 'all the people can get continuous access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that is essential to an active and healthy life in terms of physical, social and economic terms.'
East Asia, in which 40 percent of the world's population resides, has experienced a fundamental political and social changes as well as economic growth ever since the 1960s. Despite the growing population, some of the East Asian countries have achieved food security over the last 30-40 years and the region's malnutrition population have significantly dwindled. However, as the world grain prices are skyrocketing due to a series of factors such as natural disasters, increased demand for food in East Asia, increased grain consumption for production of bio-fuels, and rising oil prices. East Asian region, East Asian developing countries in particular, are being threatened by the multiple causes in food security because rice is the staple in this region. Due to the skyrocketing grain prices, the number of poverty population is also growing fast and the achievement of the past 30 to 40 years will come to nothing. The ratio of absolute poverty population in Asia (people living on less than one dollar a day on average), which has dropped below 20 percent since the 2000s, might return to the level of 1960s.
In East Asia, North Korea is a representative case that suffers from a long-term and severe food shortages and is currently under a very serious threat to its food security. The rise of world grain prices and protectionist policies of East Asia's major grain-exporting countries and natural disasters caused severe food shortages in North Korea. North Korea, which had suffered severe food shortages in the mid-1990s under the so-called hardship march, is now having a growing number of people who starve to death and, as a result, more and more people are recently being domestically displaced and becoming overseas escapees. In particular, the overseas defectors are not granted refugee status and are facing the double plight of both hunger and a severe human rights abuse.
The human rights situation in North Korea seems to have worsened due to the economic crisis which had started in the mid-1990s and has deepened in 2007. Therefore, the improvement of North Korea's human rights situation cannot be effective without fundamental efforts to solve the problems of poverty such as food shortages. Nevertheless, the North Korean government seems to be interested in the maintenance of its regime rather than improvement of the worsening situation of human rights. In addition, it seems that North Korea is not going to change its existing policy of closed society and passive reaction as long as it is not sure about the international community's guarantee of its regime.
North Korean government should try to prevent the worsening of the existing 'complex emergencies’ caused by current food shortages by leaving them as they are even though it is not admittedly easy to change its political system itself. North Korea should try to increase the amount of international food aid to it by showing that it is doing its utmost in guaranteeing transparent distribution of the international food aid and in improving the monitoring system. In addition, as the emergency aid for humanitarian purpose cannot be sustained for a long time, the North Korean government should try to shift its policies in the direction of asking for development assistance at an adequate point of time. This will function as a fundamental channel of solution to both its economy and human rights.
In addition to North Korea's policy switch for an open foreign aid policy, it is necessary for the international community, including the United States, to change their policies. In other words, it does not look desirable for the international community to utilize the humanitarian aid and development assistance for the purpose of solving the current nuclear issue. For the sustained economic sanction on North Korea is deepening its humanitarian crisis and is increasing its demand for support and the international community should consider the negative side-effects of growing food refugees. The Republic of Korea should maintain its recovery and development assistances focusing on North Korea's vulnerable classes in terms of health, medication, and education regardless of the progress of the nuclear issue. In additon, it should make a full use of the rich experiences and know-hows of international organizations.
It is easy to criticize North Korean regime, but that does not solve North Korean people's food problem. North Korea and the international community should refrain from behaviours attempting to rely on humanitarian assistances as means for achieving political purposes and should make efforts to search for the concrete and systematic ways of dialogue and cooperation in order to guarantee North Korean people's right to food. While the international coummunity is feeling fatigueness regarding humanitarian aid to North Korea, it is the basic responsibility of the international community to guarantee the right to survival of North Koran people, as the basis human rights.