개인주의와 집단주의의 대화적 관계 : 찰스 디킨스의 『두 도시 이야기』연구 = A Dialogic Relationship between Individualism and Collectivism : A Study of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens made an effort to defend liberalism, the core ideology of 19th century English middle class. Dickens, a successful novelist and liberalist, criticized the collectivism of the French Revolution in the novel. The French Revolutionists negated the concept that individuals are the basic unit of a society, and that the interest of individuals should come before that of groups. The resulting violence left many victims in its wake. Madam Defarge represented the collectivism of the French Revolution, and Charles Darnay the victim of the collective violence. Madam Defarge organized citizens fighting against the oppression of the king and aristocrats in France and had them participate in the revolution and successfully occupy the Bastille.
However, she had a tragic family history. Her sister was sexually abused and killed by Charles Darnay's father and uncle who were French aristocrats, and her brother fought a duel with one of the aristocrats and was killed. Her father died with rage, and her brother-in-law died due to the overwork which Charles Darnay's father and uncle ordered in order to steal his wife. After the success of the French Revolution, Madam Defarge took Charles Darnay to court to be held accountable for his father and uncle's crime since they had already died. However, Charles Darnay refused the aristocratic title of his family, ran to London, and supported himself by teaching French, so he was innocent. In spite of his innocence, he was imprisoned and waited for his death by guillotine. In the meantime, Lucy Mannette, Dr. Mannette, Javis Lorry, and Sydney Carton did everything to save Charles Darnay. In the frame of the story, these people represent individualism because they tried to rescue Charles Darnay and fought against collectivism. Dickens defended individualism and criticized collectivism through these characters. Javis Lorry ,though, carries an element of collectivism by identifying himself with the Tellson Bank for which he worked his whole life. Sydney Carton also shows a facet of collectivism by sacrificing himself for Charles Darnay in order to give happiness to Lucy and her family. With a monologic reading, the novel seems to be flawed because Dickens also approves collectivism when he describes Javis Lorry as an old man who thought of himself as a part of the organization, the Tellson Bank, and made Sydney Carton give up his life for Lucy's happiness.
However, if the novel is seen from a dialogic perspective, it is revealed that Dickens did not completely negate the French Revolution, but partly acknowledged collectivism as a way to cure the individualists' solitude, which resulted from distrust among Londoners. In other words, Dickens searched for a way to overcome both individualism and collectivism by making them complement each other. While Lorry's attitude toward Tellson's Bank and Carton's sacrificing himself for Darnay show same elements of collectivism, this does not necessarily lead to the negation of the main theme of the novel, the attack on the collectivism of French Revolution, which the major voice tries to carry throughout the novel. A dialogic reading can reveal more apparently how the major voice and subversive voice appear and are tangled in the characters and their actions based on the axis of individualism and collectivism.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서 론 = 1
• II. 프랑스 혁명에 나타난 집단주의 = 11
• III. 런던의 개인주의 = 20
• IV. 집단주의과 개인주의의 불안한 공존 = 31
• V. 결 론 = 51
• 참고문헌 = 53