This study tries to take an in-depth look into the essence of the freedom of conscience stipulated in the Korean Constitution, focusing on the issue of conscientious objection, making references to documentations from Korea and abroad.By definition, c...
This study tries to take an in-depth look into the essence of the freedom of conscience stipulated in the Korean Constitution, focusing on the issue of conscientious objection, making references to documentations from Korea and abroad.By definition, conscience is something that causes such a pain as to lose one's 'substance of personality' when one commits deeds against it. A conscientious decision-making refers to all serious ethical judgments, which are judgments on the 'good' and 'evil.' Under specific circumstances, an individual experiences an absolute necessity to follow these judgments and therefore is incapable of doing deeds against them without serious conscientious conflicts.As a result, the freedom of conscience is one of the basic human rights forming the basis of the freedom of mind, as well as serving as a fundamental element for the constitutional order of a nation. At the same time, it provides individuals with value and dignity as human beings in addition to offering the foundation for creating democratic order in human communities. In a word, it is an ultra-fundamental right.On the other hand, the freedom of conscience is part of the national generosity in that it calls for the acknowledgement of exceptions from the universal obligations of all the citizens. This freedom consists of: 1)freedom of the formation of conscience; 2) freedom of maintaining conscience that assures the freedom from being enforced to do something against one's conscience; and 3) freedom of realizing conscience that involves active expression of conscience and acting according to it.To be sure, the freedom should be sometimes limited because it can conflict with the rights of other individuals in the course of its realization. But for whatever reasons, the fundamentals should not be compromised.Article 19 of the Korean Constitution stipulates that all the Korean citizens shall rejoice in the freedom of conscience. However, there are no written articles in the constitution or laws dealing with the exemption of military services for the conscientious objectors. Therefore, it can be controversial whether the right for objection can be derived from the freedom of conscience or freedom of religion, both of which are guaranteed by the constitution.On the 21st of May, 2004, the Southern District Court of Seoul judged conscientious objectors innocent, which resulted in offering an arena for full-scale legal as well as social discussions in this regard. Although the Supreme Court ruled that punishing these objectors is not in violation of the constitution, social movements to protect their rights are being witnessed: for example, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea has made a decision to recommend the introduction of a replacement service system to the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Minister of National Defence; and some lawmakers submitted a bill to introduce the aforementioned system.In Korea, around 600 young men choose every year since 2001 to serve a prison term than to take weapons. The accumulated total number of punished objectors reach 10,000. This figure alone justifies the necessity for looking into the possibility of introducing a replacement service system.Conscientious objection is not merely an antisocial behavior of a small number of religious groups. As many as 25 countries including Germany, all of which have a draft system, acknowledge replacement services and this is an internationally recognized human right. Except 48 nations including Korea, countries around the world have adopted replacement service systems in order to respect the freedom of conscience, which is guaranteed by constitution.Democracy does not simply mean the rule of the majority.It is therefore necessary for Koreans to seriously tackle this issue, and it seems that conditions are ripe for this purpose.In this regard, the progressive view of the Supreme Court Judge Lee, Gang-gook who emphasized the necessity for the introduction of replacement services in his minority opinion in relation to the aforementioned ruling by the Supreme Court deserves attention.To be sure, it is discouraging to note the decision by the Constitutional Court on the 26th August 2004 that says: 'It cannot be said that the legislative's judgment that it is difficult to introduce a replacement system is particularly irrational or clearly erroneous.' On the other hand, the Court added: 'Legislators must look into if there are means to settle the conflict between the freedom of conscience and national defense; if there are alternatives through which the conscience of the objectors can be protected while realizing the public interest of national defense; and if the Korean society is mature enough to understand and accommodate conscientious objectors. Further, it has to seriously think about whether to complement the existing laws and regulations so that the law-enforcement institutions can protect the citizens' conscience by conscience-friendly application of law, although it may decide not to introduce replacement serviced systems.' This comment, although belated, marks an advancement in terms of the protection of the freedom of conscience and human rights of the minority.There is no reason for Korea not to adopt a system applied by Taiwan, which is also faced with the same national security issues as Korea. The fact that Korea fails to do so reflects the backwardness of this country in terms of human rights protection for the minority.For the reasons discussed above, the legislative must promptly come up with laws and regulations covering conscientious objection or replacement services, taking into account the following aspects: 1) the political and security situations of Korea; 2) ensuring equality with other young men joining military services; and 3) the drawbacks of replacement services adopted by other nations.