小兒科學의 變遷(兩宋~明代)에 關한 硏究 = (The)medical study about the development of pediatrics for Song(宋)· Jin(金)· Yuan(元)· Ming(明) dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Conclusions
The Song(宋) Dynasty period gained the summit in the developmental phase of the history in pediatrics.
In 1076, ‘Tai-Yi-Ju(太醫局)’ was founded and ‘Xiao-Fang-Mai(小方脈)’ was the one of nine branch in ‘Tai-Yi-Ju(太醫局)’. As a result, educational agency and system was arranged in the field of pediatrics. At the same time, pediatrics have furnished with foundation to develop independent field in medical science. Especially, Bian-Zheng-Lun-Zhi(辨證論治) system is established in pediatrics science according to the compilation of 『Xiao-Er-Yao-Zheng-Zhi-Jue(小兒藥證直訣)』 by Qian-Yi(錢乙). Children's doctors, Qian-Yi(錢乙), Chen-Wen-Zhong(陳文中) and Dong-Ji(董汲) arranged clinically theories, so they made that age the peak of the pediatrics.
Looking at the developmental part of theory in pediatrics of the Song Dynasty period, Qian-Yi(錢乙), who was the representative children's doctor in Song Dynasty period, insisted that children had formed Wu-Zang-Liu-Fu(五臟六腑) in the physiological part but they were not perfect like adult's. Therefore they had to consider the poor part in children's body, and then they had to cure them. 'Bian-Zheng(變蒸)' was considered to be normal physiological phenomenon. Also he insisted that Liu-Yin(六淫), ‘Feng, Han, Shu, Shi, Zao, Huo(風, 寒, 暑, 濕, 燥, 火)’ and ‘Jing, Feng, Kun, Chuan, Xu(驚, 風, 困, 喘, 虛)’ are the main cause of the children's five vital organ’s pathology.
Like this, his academic thought, which lay emphasized on children's spleen and stomach and Wu-Zang-Bian-Zheng(五臟辨證)의 main principles, affected on doctors, Dong-Ji(董汲), Yan-Xiao-Zhong(閻孝忠), Liu-Fang(劉昉), Zhang-Yuan-Su(張元素), Li-Dong-Yuan(李東垣), Wan-Quan(萬全).
Fang-Ji-Fang-Mian(方劑方面) of pediatrics had developed so fast and 『Tai-Ping-Sheng-Hui-Fang(太平聖惠方)』 contained about 2689 kinds of children's prescription. According to this, there are so many kinds of medicinal shape, for example ‘Wan, San, Gao, Dan(丸, 散, 膏, 丹)’, which cured children's disease. Through this, we find that the shape of medicine about the children's diseases had developed to the more simple direction, taking account of the children’s clinical trait.
Pediatircs in Jin-Yuan(金元) age had formed peculiar children's etiology, Bing-Ji-Xue(病機學) and Bian-Zheng-Lun(辨證論) curative system grounded on medical theory in Jin-Yuan-Si-Da-Jia(金元四大家).
Liu-Wan-Su(劉完素), who was front - running man in that age, used so many times ‘Liang-Ge-San(凉膈散)’ or 'Fang-Feng-Tong-Sheng-San(防風通聖散)’ which have Han-Liang(寒凉) disposition for curing children's disease in view of pathology in Re-Duo-Han-Shao(熱多寒少), which is his special academic thought, after then Zhu-Dan-Xi(朱丹溪) succeed Liu-Wan-Su(劉完素)’s this view of pathology, Yang-Yin-Zi-Xue(養陰滋血) developed the one and made it a standing rule to cure children.
Also Li-Dong-Yuan(李東垣) grasped that the main cause of disease is starvation because of war. As a result of it, he insisted on theory, internal cause’s outbreak of person’s illness, Nei-Shang-Pi-Wei(內傷脾胃), Bai-Bing-You-Sheng(百病由生). In this view of this principle, he assorted and used following medicine ‘Sheng-Ma(升麻), Chai-Hu(柴胡), Huang-Qi(黃芪)’ as ‘Sheng-Fa-Yang-Qi(昇發陽氣)’ method to cure children, and concentrated on children's spleen and stomach cure with this way.
Zhang-Cong-Zheng(張從政) applied ‘Gong-Xia-Fa(攻下法)’, Han(汗)·Tu(吐)·Xia(下) centered on Wai-Yin-Shuo(外因說), which explains that children's disease is Xie-Qi-Qin-Xi(邪氣侵襲), too.
Like this, in Jin-Yuan(金元)age, they had studied very seriously about main cause of children's disease in two part, an internal cause and an external cause. Also, in pathological part they had approached academically ‘Huo-Re-Zhi-Bing(火熱致病)’ and ‘Qi-Ji-Cheng-Jiang-Shi-Tiao(氣機乘降失調)’ from diverse angles.
Ming(明) Dynasty Period put together clinically various medical theory in Song Dynasty and Jin-Yuan(金元)age, organized medical system. They have been developed in theory, which thought of Bian-Zheng-Lun-Zhi(辨證論治) more important, and clinical part which included diagnosis, therapy, prevention. In that age reactional medical thought was in fashion because of affect of Li-Xue(理學), therefore pediatrics have been affected from them.
Especially, looking at the symptom of Bian-Zheng-Lun-Zhi(辨證論治), doctors, ‘Wan-Quan(萬全), Lu-Bo-Si(魯伯嗣), Wang-Da-Lun(王大綸), Wang-Ken-Tang(王肯堂), Lou-Ying(樓英)’ had succeed to Qian-Yi(錢乙)' the five viscera Bian-Zheng(辨證) system.
Wan-Quan(萬全) advocated ‘San-You-Yu-Si-Bu-Zu-Lun(三有餘四不足論)’ about Zang-Fu(臟腑) and organized the curative principle about Wu-Zang-Xu-Shi(五臟虛實).
Kou-Ping(寇平), commented on diagnosis of five viscera(Wu-Zang五臟) and classification of disease of five viscera.
Wang-Da-Lun(王大綸) in the close of Ming(明) Dynasty Age explained main pulse · pulse of illness in detail according to weakness or strength of five viscera, pathological · physiological features of five viscera and Sheng-Ke(生克) relation of Wu-Xing(五行) in the book of 『Ying-Tong-Lei-Cui(嬰童類萃)』.
Wang-Ken-Tang(王肯堂) and Lou-Ying(樓英) had organized system of argument which classified disease as a result of symptom of five viscera. 『You-Ke-Zheng-Zhi-Zhun-Sheng(幼科證治準繩)』 and 『Yi-Xue-Gang-Mu(醫學綱目)·Xiao-Er-Bu(小兒部)』 had been written by this principle.
Lu-Bo-Si(魯伯嗣) had arranged the principle of cure about five viscera and explained method of common use about each organ's disease.
Besides, Xue-Ji(薛己), Zhang-Jing-Yue(張景岳), insisted about Ming-Men(命門) because he thought of Pi-Shen(脾腎) of children and vigor by nature important.
Xue-Ji(薛己) had applied and used very well Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang(補中益氣湯) based on Li-Dong-Yuan(李東垣)'s Pi-Wei-Shuo(脾胃說) and controled and helped spleen and stomach. At the same time, he took a serious view about supplementing children's Shen-Qi(腎氣) according to so many spleen and stomach disease was fallen because they couldn't make warm the spirit of Zhong-Zhou(中州), result of weakening Huo(火) of Ming-Men(命門).
Also Zhang-Jing-Yue(張景岳) took a serious view strengthen of Pi-Shen(脾腎), so he assorted and used Ren-Shen(人蔘) and Fu-Zi(附子) to supplement children's weaken energy in kidney Jing-Qi(精氣).

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 緖論 = 1
• Ⅱ. 硏究方法 = 3
• Ⅲ. 本論 = 5
• 제1장 兩宋代의 소아과학 = 5
• 제1절 소아과의 발전배경 = 5
• 제2절 소아과의 발전개황 = 6
• 1. 소아과 의학제도의 정립과 慈幼局의 설립 = 6
• 2. 소아의 생리·병리에 대한 인식의 발전 = 7
• 3. 소아 병인학의 발전 = 8
• 4. 소아질병에 대한 인식의 제고 = 8
• 5. 소아 진단학의 특징 = 9
• 6. 약물과 방제의 발전 = 9
• 7. 소아과 유파의 탄생 = 10
• 제3절 錢乙의 소아과에 대한 영향 = 10
• 1. 錢乙의 생애 및 저작 = 11
• 2. 錢乙의 의학사상 = 13
• 3. 錢乙의 학술사상이 후세에 미친 영향 = 28
• 제4절 小兒 瘡疹에 대한 연구 = 36
• 1. 痘瘡과 痲疹의 감별 = 36
• 2. 치료 원칙 = 37
• 제5절 醫家와 醫著 = 37
• 1. 閻孝忠 = 38
• 2. 『小兒衛生總微論方』 = 39
• 3. 『仁齋小兒方』 = 44
• 4. 『幼幼新書』 = 45
• 5. 陳文中 = 51
• 6. 『小兒斑疹備急方論』 = 55
• 7. 『痘疹論』 = 58
• 8. 『太平聖惠方』 = 60
• 9. 『太平惠民和劑局方』 = 61
• 10. 『聖濟總錄』 = 63
• 제2장 金元代의 소아과학 = 66
• 제1절 소아과의 발전배경 = 66
• 제2절 소아과의 발전개황 = 66
• 1. 醫事制度 = 67
• 2. 소아의 생리·병리에 대한 인식 = 67
• 3. 소아 질병의 병인·병리에 대한 해석 = 68
• 4. 소아질병에 대한 인식의 발전 = 68
• 5. 소아 진단학의 발전 = 69
• 6. 소아 치료학의 발전 = 69
• 7. 痘疹學의 발전 = 70
• 제2절 金元四大家의 소아과에 대한 공헌 = 71
• 1. 劉完素 = 71
• 2. 張從政 = 73
• 3. 李東垣 = 77
• 4. 朱丹溪 = 78
• 제3절 醫家와 醫著 = 80
• 1. 張元素 = 80
• 2. 『活幼心書』 = 81
• 3. 『活幼口議』 = 84
• 4. 『斑論萃英』 = 85
• 5. 『世醫得效方』 = 87
• 6. 『田氏保嬰集』 = 88
• 7. 『麻證全書』 = 89
• 제3장 明代의 소아과학 = 91
• 제1절 소아과의 발전배 = 91
• 제2절 소아과의 발전개황 = 92
• 1. 醫事制度 = 92
• 2. 소아 생리 및 병리에 대한 인식 = 92
• 3. 소아과 四大證의 闡發 = 93
• 4. 소아 진단학의 제고 = 95
• 5. 변증론치의 제고 = 97
• 6. 소아과 의안의 중시 = 99
• 제3절 痘疹學의 발전 = 101
• 1. 痘疹學의 흥성 = 101
• 2. 痲疹 = 104
• 제4절 醫家와 醫著 = 105
• 1. 『全幼心鑒』 = 105
• 2. 『嬰童百問』 = 106
• 3. 『幼科類萃』 = 107
• 4. 萬全 = 108
• 5. 薛己 = 115
• 6. 『萬氏醫貫』 = 117
• 7. 『幼科證治准繩』 = 119
• 8. 秦昌遇 = 120
• 9. 『痘疹博愛心鑒』 = 122
• 10. 『痘治理辨』 = 122
• 11. 『摘星樓治痘全書』 = 124
• 12. 『疹科』 = 125
• 13. 『痘疹金鏡錄』 = 125
• 14. 『痘疹傳心錄』 = 126
• 15. 『活幼心法』 = 127
• 16. 『普濟方』 = 128
• 17. 『奇效良方』 = 131
• 18. 『醫學正傳』 = 132
• 19. 『本草綱目』 = 133
• 20. 『醫學綱目』 = 133
• 21. 『赤水玄珠』 = 134
• 22. 龔延賢 = 135
• 23. 『景岳全書』 = 136
• 1) 『景岳全書·小兒則』 = 136
• 2) 『景岳全書·痘疹詮』 = 139
• Ⅲ. 考察 및 結論 = 141
• Ⅴ. 參考文獻 = 147
• ABSTRACT = 151