This dissertation analyzes the relationship between the defensive perimeter in the Pacific expounded by the Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson on January 12, 1950, in an address before National Press Club (NPC) and the cause of the Korean War. The res...
This dissertation analyzes the relationship between the defensive perimeter in the Pacific expounded by the Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson on January 12, 1950, in an address before National Press Club (NPC) and the cause of the Korean War. The research systematically examines five factors; the reasons behind why Secretary Acheson included the Pacific defense perimeter in the public address; the significance of the Pacific defense perimeter; the influence of the defensive perimeter on the Soviet Union and North Korea; the relationship between the defensive perimeter and the cause of the Korean war; and the transformation and adjustment of the Pacific defense perimeter after the Korean war.
The defensive perimeter in the Pacific expounded by Secretary Acheson was an Island Defense Perimeter established by the U.S. with an all-out war with the Soviet Union in mind. This perimeter connected the Aleutians, Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines, excluding Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). As a result, the Pacific defense perimeter address gave a green light inviting North Korea and Soviet aggression. This acted not only as a factor behind the cause of the Korean war but was also assessed as a failed U.S. policy.
After Secretary Acheson's address, there were a few congressmen who raised questions in the hearings concerning the Pacific defense perimeter in connection with the Taiwan's problem. However, this problem was not especially highlighted in the press nor did it cause any criticisms. Actually, the criticisms concerning Secretary Acheson's Pacific defense perimeter surfaced after the outbreak of the Korean war or after a long time from careful analysis.
Although Secretary Acheson's public address concerning the Pacific defense perimeter may not have been a direct cause behind the Korean war, it is an obvious fact without a doubt that it gave a decisive influence on the outbreak of the Korean war. With Kim Il-Sung continuously requesting approval of invading South Korea, Stalin consented North Korea's war plan not even a month after Secretary Acheson's NPC address and invited Kim Il-Sung to plot the war plan. Secretary Acheson's address which was given after the complete evacuation of U.S. forces from South Korea gave Kim Il-Sung, Stalin, and Mao who worried most about American intervention confidence that aggression could be undertaken with impunity. Thus the reason why Acheson's address is not irrelevant to the Korean war is that he made the confidential NSC 48/2 public.
However, the argument that the Korean war broke out because Secretary Acheson excluded Korea from the Pacific defense perimeter in his NPC address is an excessive schematic evaluation. The argument made by the revisionists that the war broke out due to the conspiracy of U.S. and Korea has an exaggerated aspect from a logical perspective. From analyzing the conditions at that time and the objectives of each nations in war, it is an oversimplication to examine the cause of the Korean war from the fact that Korea was excluded from the defensive perimeter.
Moreover, a reason why the criticism that Secretary Acheson's NPC address was the direct cause behind the Korean war is hard to accept is because President Truman ordered the establishment of NSC 68 on January 31, 1950, a day after Stalin decided on the Korean war, which was entirely different to the appeasement containment policy established by Canon. If the U.S. did not plan these epochal policy transformations beforehand, it would have been difficult to deploy U.S. forces right after the outbreak of the Korean war. Consequently, this signified that the established containment policy and the Pacific defense policy of the U.S. could no longer be put into practical use internally.
Furthermore, the prolonged conflict between the State Department and the Pentagon regarding the withdrawal of U.S. forces cannot be seen from a conspiracy perspective. This is because the chief posts of foreign policy could not conspire a war in a state of opposition with the risk of Soviet intervention. In other words, the State Department's opposition to the withdrawal of U.S. forces cannot be interpreted as denying a war conspiracy and the Pentagon's enforced withdrawal of U.S. forces cannot be seen as a conspiracy for war. Moreover, the fact that the U.S. Administration pushed once again for the military aid bill for Korea that was vetoed in congress to supplement the withdrawal of U.S. forces while conspiring for war does not logically make sense.
The passive containment line of 38th parallel and the Pacific defense perimeter of the U.S. was considerably in a state of separation. The Pacific defense perimeter was a war plan established by the Pentagon to deal with a possible all-out war with the Soviet Union while the 38th parallel was a containment line established by the State Department to check the expansion of the Soviets on a diplomatic level. The discordance between the containment line and the defensive perimeter called for a clash of conflicts in planning and executing foreign policies. In addition, the containment line did not receive direct military support and protection from the US occupation forces nor the military bases.
The intervention of U.S. forces with the outbreak of Korean war resulted in raising the Pacific defense perimeter up to the 38th parallel. The fact that the U.S. did not escalate the war with China and ended the Korean war with restoring the 38th parallel once again fixed the Communist bloc containment line with the demilitarized zone (DMZ). Also, concluding the mutual defense treaty with South Korea and stationing U.S. forces in South Korea simultaneously devised military means and harmonized the containment line with the defensive perimeter. The DMZ on one hand served as an advanced base for Japanese defense while raising the strategic value of the Korean peninsula. This signified that the Korean defense and the Japanese defense was converted to an equal standing. The fact that there has not been a war in the Korean peninsula after the Korean war even in the post cold war era is due to the unification of the defensive perimeter and the containment line against the Communist bloc.