퇴계(退溪) 이황(李滉)과 남명(南冥) 조식(曺植) = Yi Hwang (Pen name: Toegye) and Jo Sik (Pen name: Nammyeong)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

李滉(1501～1571)과 曺植(1501~1572)은 16세기 조선(朝鮮)의 대표적인 儒學者였다. 李滉은 慶常左道에 曺植은 慶常右道에 태어났다. 두 사람이 같은 때 살았으나 指向하는 바는 달랐다. 李滉은 文科(Civil Service Examination)에 급제해 벼슬을 해 高位官僚가 되었지만, 曺植은 科擧試驗을 포기하고 處士로서 一生을 보냈다. 두사람이 다 마음을 修養하는 것을 중시했지만 李滉은 거기다가 왜 마음을 수양해야 하는 것을 理論的으로 硏究했다. 理氣心性論이 그것이다. 반면에 曺植은 그러한 理論은 朱熹와 같은 선배 유학자들이 다 연구해 놓았으니 實踐을 하는 것이 더 중요하다고 주장했다. 따라서 李滉은 다른 學者들과 討論도 많이 하고 책이나 論說 편지를 많이 남겼으나, 曺植은 詩도 즐겨 쓰지 않고, 著述도 하지 않았다. 오직 “敬義”를 실천해 마음에 때가 묻지 않도록 수련하는 데 힘썼다.
두 사람은 교육에 열중해 많은 제자를 길러냈으나, 曺植의 弟子들은 “義”를 사랑해 壬辰倭亂이 일어났을 때 義兵을 많이 일으켰고, 그 결과 光海君때 北人政權을 수립했다. 그러나 仁祖反正으로 北人政權이 무너지자 曺植의 弟子들은 흩어져서 李滉의 弟子가 되거나 南人, 또는 老論으로 전향했다. 그리하여 嶺南에서는 李滉의 主理論이 流行하고 曺植의 主氣論은 쇠퇴하게 되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Yi Hwang (1501～1571), who was born in Gyeongsangjwado, and Jo Sik (1501~1572), who was born in Gyeongsangudo, represented Confucianism of the sixteenth century of Joseon. Although both of them were contemporaries, they pursued different causes in their studies. While Yi Hwang passed the civil service examination and secured a position in the government to become a high-ranking official later, Jo Sik did not take the civil service examination and remained a private citizen all his life. Though both of them attached importance to cultivation of the mind, Yi Hwang theoretically studied why we should cultivate the mind and advanced the theory of ri-gi dualism. In contrast to it, Jo Sik asserted that it is more important to put theories into practice, as all important theories had been already formulated by scholars of preceding generations, such as Zhoutsu. As a result, Yi Hwang had written a lot of books, dissertations and letters throughout his life, but Jo Sik engaged himself only in cultivating his mind with the practice of gyeongeui, or reverence and justice, leaving few poems and books. Both were enthusiastic about educating disciples. Disciples of Jo Sik, who loved to practice eui, or justice, raised and organized patriotic soldiers of a great number when Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592 and thanks to such achievements, came to power when Gwanghaegun ascended the throne after the war. They were, however, scattered later when the coup d'etat of Injo disposed Gwanghaegun from the crown to become disciples of Yi Hwang or join opposite political factions, such as Namin and Noron. As a result, juriron of Yi Hwang become dominated over jugiron of Jo Sik in Yeongnam rigion.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 퇴계 이황(1501-1570)
• Ⅲ. 남명 조식(1501-1571)
• Ⅳ. 맺음말