국제인권법상 소급효금지 원칙의 예외에 관한 연구 - 「유럽인권협약」 제7조 제2항과 「시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약」 제15조 제2항을 중심으로- = A Study on the Exceptions to the Principle of Non-Retroactivity in International Human Rights Law : With Special Reference to Article 7(2) of the ECHR and Article 15(2) of the ICCPR

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Traditionally, the principle of non-retroactivity has been regarded as an absolute cornerstone of the legality principle in criminal law, immune to any form of relativization. However, Article 7(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and Article 15(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), reflecting the imperative to prevent impunity as demonstrated by the Nuremberg Trials after the Second World War, exceptionally permit retroactive punishment for serious international crimes such as war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. The Korean Constitution, while proclaiming the non-retroactivity principle as a constitutional guarantee in Article 13(1), simultaneously expresses respect for international law in Article 6(1) and thereby accepts the application of Article 15(2) of the ICCPR. This dual commitment raises the possibility of normative conflict between the domestic constitutional principle of non-retroactivity and the treaty-based exceptions, necessitating a systematic framework for reconciliation Against this backdrop, this study examines the legislative intent and textual structure of these provisions, as well as the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), in order to clarify the meaning, scope, and limits of these exceptions as recognized in practice. On this basis, it proposes a dual-track model of legislative primacy and judicial subsidiarity as a means of alleviating the tension between the absolute nature of Article 13(1) of the Constitution and the domestic applicability of international norms under Article 6(1). Furthermore, to evaluate the applicability of this model within the Korean criminal law framework, the study develops a three-tiered analytical test: (i) scrutiny of the establishment of international criminality, (ii) assessment of the foreseeability and specificity of the legal provisions, and (iii) prohibition of punitive disadvantage in conjunction with the principle of applying the more lenient law. Through this approach, the research aims to provide a practically viable interpretative model for reconciling constitutional guarantees with international demands for substantive justice.