서울 봉원사 명부전 봉안 불화 고찰 = A Study on the Buddhist Paintings in the Hall of the Judgement of the Dead at Bongwonsa in Seoul

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Bongwonsa (Bongwon Temple) is the headquarter of the Korean Buddhist Taego Order and its Yeongsanjae is the 50th National Intangible Cultural Property. It was designated as the royal temple of Prince Uiso, who is King Yeongjo's grandson and his firstborn son, Crown Prince Sado's eldest son, and functioned as the royal memorial temple. In the latter half of the 19th century, the temple was rebuilt in a full-scale restoration, including the statues of Ksitigarbha triad and the Ten Kings (十王) at Yongmunsa (Yongmun Temple) in Yangpyeong moved and enshrined there. Compared to the record of the movement of the statues, there is no document of the Buddhist paintings, and even the existing Buddhist painting has no pictorial record left, so it is unknown whether the current Buddhist painting was moved or created together with the statues.
Jijangsiwangdo, a painting of Ksitigarbha and the Ten Kings at Bongwonsa was transformed based on the original one (1792) at Heungguksa (Heungguk Temple) in Namyangju. They have something in common such as the composition of the overall group of characters, especially the expression of only the Ksitigarbha Triad and some of the kings, and the elements of the Bodhisattva of Six Lights and Ten Directions. It patterned the lotus flower on the polygonal pedestal where Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva sits and the Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva's clothes covering the center of the lotus flower on the one at Heungguksa. However, it is different from the one at Heungguksa in that the four heavenly kings are omitted, and in that the angels offering to Buddha and Child, which appear to be statues of The heavenly realm, are added to it. Therefore, the copy at Bongwonsa took an example of the iconography of the one at Heungguksa, but it was painted with some changes.
On the other hand, Siwangdo, a painting of Ten Kings at Bongwonsa is of a new style in the Geungi area in the late 19th century, sharing the iconography with the ones at Bogwangsa in Paju, at Hwagyesa, at Heungcheonsa, and Bongguksa. These temples were the royal temples in the Geungi area, and Bongwonsa was also that of Prince Uiso, so it is significant. In particular, as a result of comparison with the copy at Bogwangsa, which is the earliest one of this style, the copy at Bogwangsa was likely created later than the one at Bongwonsa, because it omits the details in the originals and sometimes draws them in more detail.
Therefore, from my own research, I suggest the possibility that Siwangdo at Bongwonsa was earlier than the painting at Bogwangsa in 1872. Jijangsiwangdo and Siwangdo at Bongwonsa are its historical products and the main of netherworld belief. They are meaningful Buddhist paintings in that they show the icons and types popular in Hanseong-bu and Gyeonggi Province in the 19th century.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논몬은 서울 봉원사에 봉안되어 있는 연대미상 <지장시왕도>와 <시왕도>에 관한 편년을 고찰한 글이다. <지장시왕도>와 <시왕도>는 화기가 남아있지 않아 조성시기를 알 수 없다. 이에 필자는 <지장시왕도>에 대해서는 남양주 흥국사 시왕전 <지장시왕도>(1792년)의 초본을 근간으로 변용되었으나 일부를 변용하여 그렸다고 보았다. 전체적인 인물군의 구성, 특히 지장삼존과 일부의 시왕만 표현한 점, 육광보살, 시방제불의 요소에 있어 공통점이 있다. 그러나 사천왕이 생략된 점, 그리고 천부계 존상으로 보이는 공양천녀와 동자가 삽입된 점은 흥국사본과 다르다. 한편 <시왕도>는 19세기 후반 파주 보광사 <시왕도>를 비롯하여 화계사 <시왕도>, 흥천사 <시왕도>, 봉국사 <시왕도>와 도상을 공유하고 있다. 이 유형의 시왕도 중 가장 연대가 이른 보광사 <시왕도>(1872년)와 비교한 결과 보광사 <시왕도>가 기존의 본을 생락하기도 하고 정밀하게 묘사하기도 하는 등 봉원사본이 보광사 보다 이른 시기에 조성되었을 가능성을 살펴보았다. 따라서 필자는 두 불화의 양식 비교를 통해 봉원사 <시왕도>가 1872년 보광사 <시왕도> 보다 앞선 시기일 가능성을 고찰해보았다. 봉원사 <지장시왕도>와 <시왕도>는 봉원사의 역사적 산물이자 명부신앙의 중심으로 19세기 한성부와 경기지역을 중심으로 유행했던 지장시왕도와 시왕도의 도상 및 유형을 살필 수 있는 불화로 의미가 있다.