성종대 공론장에서의 검열과 비판 -치세 초반 유생(儒生)과 사표(師表)에 대한 논의를 중심으로- = Censorship and Criticism in the Open Discussionsin the Reign of King Seongjong-With emphasis on the discussion of 'Teachers and Students' in the early years of King Seongjong(1469~1494)-

국문 초록 (Abstract)

『성종실록』을 통해 본 성종 치세의 公論場에서 눈에 띄는 현상은 원상을 비롯한 조정의 관료들이 儒生의 문체와 학풍을 문제 삼고, 도덕주의에 입각한 경학을 강조하며 '師表의 선발'을 중시하는 발언과 태도를 보인다는 점이다. 이 글은 성종 치세 초반에 이처럼 '검열과 비판'이 교사와 학생[師·儒] 및 그들의 학풍과 문체에 작동했던 점에 주목하고, 『성종실록』을 통해 당시 공론의 장에서 이루어졌던 '검열과 비판'의 실상을 고찰했다. 성종 즉위 초반부터 '유생의 士習'과 '교육의 붕괴'를 우려하고 비판하는 시작들이 나타났다. 특히 제술 중심의 과거 제도와 詞章의 기풍이 문제로 지적되었다. 韓明澮, 申叔舟와 같은 원상, 李克墩 등을 대표로 하는 臺諫, 육조의 당상관들이 이 문제를 제기했다. 이 공론장에서는 徐居正이나 李克墩처럼 '詞章에 능하다'는 평가를 받은 인물도, 경학과 사장을 대립적 구도에 놓고 도덕적 가치에 근간을 둔 경학을 공부하는 기풍을 만들어야 한다는 입장을 표명했다. 이렇게 훈구원상과 대신들이 儒生의 문체와 학풍, 사습을 비판/검열하면서 구체적인 제도로 만들어낸 것은 殿講과 文學宰相의 성균관 출강 같은 프로그램이었다. 이들은 사장의 성행과 경학의 쇠퇴를 가장 중요한 문제로 지적했던 바, 경학을 통해 유생들의 공부와 도덕적 자질을 제어하려 했고, 전강과 문학재상의 성균관 출강으로 유생들의 학습을 정기적으로 점검하고 통제하려고 했다. 한편, 훈구원상과 대신들이 유생의 학풍과 문체를 문제 삼을 때 항상 중요한 관건으로 지적한 것은 師表였다. 신숙주와 한명회, 최항 같은 원상과 대신들은 훌륭한 교사를 자신들이 추천하여 명단을 만들고자 했다. 이들이 추천한 교사들은 주로 세조에게 인정받은, 세조대부터의 사유들이었다. 그런데 이들 세조대의 교사들은 일정한 시기가 지나면서 유생·선비들로부터 학문적 자질과 언행의 도덕성을 검증받게 된다. 특히 성균관의 수장인 대사성의 임명에 대해서 유생들은 집단 행동을 하는 방식으로 적극적으로 비판/검열했다. 제도적으로는 성균관의 교육 프로그램이 점차 체계를 갖추고 그에 따른 賞罰이 강화된 것이 중요하게 작동했다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

What was most significant about the open discussion of King Seongjong in 『Seongjongsillok』 was that the government officials took issues with the 'writing styles' and 'academic styles' of younger intellectuals of national school students and Seonbi and emphasized the study of Scriptures based on moralism with importance on the 'selection of exemplary scholars.' This study focused on how 'censorship and criticism' in the early years of King Seongjong affected the teachers and students and their academic and writing styles and examined the 'censorship and criticism' that was present in the open discussions through 『Seongjongsillok』. From the early years of King Seongjong's enthronement, many poems criticized the 'styles of national school students' and 'the fall of education.' The government examination system based on 'writing poems and composition' and the styles of 'poetry and writing' were the major issues. Senior officials such as Han, Myeong Hoe and Shin, Sook Joo, the monitoring offices led by Yi, Geuk Don, and the high-class officials of the Six Government Offices raises those problems. In the discussions, those who were recognized for 'excellence in poetry and writing,' such as Seo, Geo Jeong or Yi, Geuk Don, argued that they should create a style of studying the Scriptures based on ethical values with Scriptures and Poetry/Writing on the opposite sides. The senior officers and the literary scholars criticized and censored the national school students' writing styles, academic styles, and customs with specific systems that were same as teaching at Sungkyunkwan through Jeongang(lectures in front of the king) and Munhakjaesang (selecting officials with literary talents for teachers). They emphasized the fall of Scriptures and tried to control the national school students' studies and ethical qualities through Scriptures. In other words, the king and the high-class officials inspected and controlled the studies of national school students regularly. When raising problems about their academic and writing styles and customs, the senior officials and other government officials first mentioned those who were recognized for excellence in poetry and writing. Then, the officials such as Shin, Sook Joo, Han, Myeong Hoe, and Choi, Hang tried to recommend those with excellence and secure a list of their names. They were mostly recognized from the time of King Sejo and a new generation of thinkers emerged over a certain period of time as their academic qualities and morals were verified. The censorship and criticism were conducted not only by the senior officials and other government officials but also by the national school students who verified and criticized the quality of thinkers. Also, national school students collectively censored and criticized when those without academic depth or ethical virtue were appointed as the presidents of Sungkyunkwan. In other words, critical discussions were mostly based on the thoughts of senior officials who succeeded the political heritage of King Sejo and the literary officials, such as Shin, Sook Joo and Choi, Hang, as they led the discussions about teachers and students at the open discussions. When they passed away and the officials with academic powers naturally faded, the human resources from King Sejo were replaced by the new generation. In the later years of King Seongjong, the new scholars theoretically criticized the discussions of the previous senior officials and suggested new practices.